Detection of recurring non-occurrences of events using pattern matching

ABSTRACT

Techniques for detecting recurring non-occurrences of an event. In one embodiment, techniques are provided for detecting the non-occurrence of an event within each of a series of time periods following the occurrence of another event. Language extensions are provided that enable queries to be formulated for detecting recurring non-occurrence of an event following occurrence of a triggering event.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit and priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 (e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/092,983, filed Aug. 29, 2008, entitled FRAMEWORK FOR SUPPORTING REGULAR EXPRESSION-BASED PATTERN MATCHING IN DATA STREAMS, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

The present application incorporates by reference for all purposes the entire contents of the following related applications filed concurrently with the present application:

-   (1) U.S. application Ser. No. 12/548,187 titled FRAMEWORK FOR     SUPPORTING REGULAR EXPRESSION-BASED PATTERN MATCHING IN DATA     STREAMS; -   (2) U.S. application Ser. No. 12/548,209 titled TECHNIQUES FOR     MATCHING A CERTAIN CLASS OF REGULAR EXPRESSION-BASED PATTERNS IN     DATA STREAMS; -   (3) U.S. application Ser. No. 12/548,222 titled TECHNIQUES FOR     PERFORMING REGULAR EXPRESSION-BASED PATTERN MATCHING IN DATA     STREAMS; and -   (4) U.S. application Ser. No. 12/548,281 titled DETECTION OF     NON-OCCURRENCES OF EVENTS USING PATTERN MATCHING.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates to processing of data streams and more particularly to techniques for detecting recurring non-occurrences of an event over multiple time periods.

Databases have traditionally been used in applications that require storage of data and querying capability on the stored data. Existing databases are thus best equipped to run queries over finite stored data sets. However, the traditional database model is not well suited for a growing number of modern applications in which data is received as a stream of data events instead of a bounded data set. A data stream, also referred to as an event stream, is characterized by a real-time, potentially continuous, sequence of events. A data or event stream thus represents unbounded sets of data. Examples of sources that generate data streams include sensors and probes (e.g., RFID sensors, temperature sensors, etc.) configured to send a sequence of sensor readings, financial tickers, network monitoring and traffic management applications sending network status updates, click stream analysis tools, and others.

Pattern matching is commonly used for analyzing data. For example, data stored in a database may be analyzed to determine if the data matches a pattern. It is desirable to efficiently perform pattern matching on data received in the form of data or event streams.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide techniques for detecting recurring non-occurrences of an event. In one embodiment, techniques are provided for detecting the non-occurrence of an event within each of a series of time periods following the occurrence of another event. Language extensions are provided that enable queries to be formulated for detecting recurring non-occurrence of an event following occurrence of a triggering event.

In one embodiment techniques are provided for processing a data stream of events to detect non-occurrences of an event. A query may be received that specifies the detection of non-occurrence of a first event within each of a series of time periods, wherein the first time period in the series of time periods starts upon occurrence of a second event. The query may also specify a pattern and a time duration specifying a length of time for each of the time periods in the series of time periods. A modified pattern may then be created adding a first symbol to the pattern and an automaton generated for the query based upon the modified pattern. Processing may then be performed using the automaton for detecting non-occurrence of the first event within each of the series of time periods following occurrence of the second event using the automaton.

In one embodiment, the processing to detect the recurring non-occurrences may be stopped after a stoppage condition is met. For example, the processing may be stopped upon occurrence of the first event.

In one embodiment, the query is analyzed to determine whether the query is for detecting non-occurrence of an event. The pattern specified in the query may be modified and the automaton generated for the modified pattern only upon determining that the query is for detecting non-occurrence of an event.

In one embodiment, processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event may comprise performing the following for a time period in the series of time periods: associating a target time with a binding, the binding representing a degree to which one or more events received in the data stream match the pattern, wherein the target time associated with the binding is determined based upon a time associated with an event corresponding to a first element in the binding and the time duration; receive an input; and comparing a time associated with the input with the target time. The input may be a heartbeat or an event received in the data stream. In one embodiment processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event comprises, upon determining that the time associated with the input equals or exceeds the target time, causing the automaton to move to a final state. Upon the automaton moving to the final state, information may be output indicating non-occurrence of the first event within a time period in the series of time periods.

The foregoing, together with other features and embodiments will become more apparent when referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a system that incorporates an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a query comprising a regular expression specifying a pattern to be matched according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a simplified flowchart depicting a method of performing pattern matching on an event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart depicting a method of performing pattern matching on an event stream based upon the type of the pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 depicts an example of a query 500 identifying a Class A pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 depicts a simplified flowchart depicting a method of maintaining bindings for Class A patterns according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a simplified flowchart depicting a method for performing pattern matching for Class A patterns after receiving each event in an event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is an example of a query specifying a Class B pattern but not a Class A pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a simplified flowchart depicting a method for performing operations at compile time including constructing an automaton for a general Class B pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict a simplified flowchart depicting runtime processing performed for detecting a Class B pattern in an input event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 11A-11I depict various state machines for generating an automata for a regular expression according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 12A-12D depict state machines for constructing an automata for an example regular expression according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 depicts an example of a query that may be used to detect the non-occurrence of an event within a time period following the occurrence of another event according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 depicts a simplified flowchart depicting additional processing performed at compile time for a query for detecting non-occurrences according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 depicts a simplified flowchart depicting processing for detecting non-occurrences according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 depicts an example of a query that may be used to detect recurring non-occurrences of an event according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17 depicts a simplified flowchart depicting processing for detecting recurring non-occurrences according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a simplified block diagram illustrating components of a system environment 1800 that may be used in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 19 is a simplified block diagram of a computer system 1900 that may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, it will be apparent that the invention may be practiced without these specific details.

Embodiments of the present invention provide techniques for detecting patterns in data or event streams. A pattern to be detected may be specified using a regular expression. Events received in data streams are processed during runtime to detect occurrences of the pattern specified by the regular expression in the data stream. In one embodiment, techniques are provided for detecting non-occurrence of an event within a time period following the occurrence of another event. Language extensions are provided to a language that enable queries to be formulated for detecting non-occurrences using that language. In another embodiment, techniques are provided for detecting recurring non-occurrences of an event. Techniques are provided for detecting the non-occurrence of an event within each of a series of time periods following the occurrence of another event. Language extensions are provided that enable queries to be formulated for detecting recurring non-occurrence of an event following occurrence of a triggering event.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a system 100 that may incorporate an embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in FIG. 1, system 100 comprises an events processing server 102 that is configured to process one or more incoming data or event streams 104, 106, and 108. Streams 104, 106, and 108 may be received from different sources including a database, a file, a messaging service, various applications, devices such as various types of sensors (e.g., RFID sensors, temperature sensors, etc.), tickers, and the like. Server 102 may receive the streams via a push-based mechanism or a pull-based mechanism or other mechanisms.

A data or event stream is a real-time sequence of events. Multiple events may be received in a stream. The data stream can thus be considered as a stream of unbounded sets of data. In one embodiment, a data stream is a sequence of <tuple, timestamp> pairs. The tuple refers to the data portion of a stream. A tuple may be considered as similar to a row in a table. The tuples in a stream have a schema. A stream can include multiple tuples. Timestamps define an order over the tuples in a data stream. The timestamps in a data stream may reflect an application's notion of time. For example, the timestamp may be set by an application on the system receiving an event stream. The receiving system may timestamp an event on receipt as configured by the application, for example, if specified in the CREATE STREAM DDL that is used to define a structure of the events stream and the mechanism used to use application time or system time as the timestamp. In other embodiments, the timestamp associated with a tuple may correspond to the time of the application sending the data events. The timestamp is part of the schema of a stream. There could be one or multiple tuples with the same timestamp in a stream. The tuples in a stream can be viewed as a series of events and accordingly the data stream is also referred to as an event stream. An event stream can thus be considered to comprise a series of events, each with an associated timestamp. For example, an event stream may comprise a series of temperature readings from a sensor such as 10°, 15°, 20°, etc. and associated time stamps. For purposes of this application, the terms “tuple” and “event” are being used interchangeably.

System 100 comprises an event processing server 102 that is configured to process event streams. Event processing server 102 may receive one or more event streams. As shown in FIG. 1, event processing server 102 receives streams 104, 106, and 108. Each event stream comprises one or more events. The events in a stream are received by server 102 in a sequence at specific time points. Server 102 is configured to perform various types of processing on the incoming streams. According to an embodiment of the present invention, server 102 is configured to detect patterns in the incoming event streams based upon the events in the event streams received by server 102. In one embodiment, server 102 performs the pattern matching without doing any backtracking processing on the events of the stream being analyzed as the events are received by server 102. Pattern matching may be performed using a type of continuous query that is applied to the incoming streams. Server 102 may also perform other types of processing on the input streams such as running other continuous queries on the incoming event streams, and other operations. An example of an event processing server is the Oracle Complex Event Processor from Oracle™ Corporation.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, server 102 comprises a pattern matching module 110 that is configured to perform processing related to pattern matching for one or more event streams. As depicted in FIG. 1, pattern matching module 110 comprises a pattern input interface 112, a class-technique determinator 113, an automaton generator 114, and a matcher 116. Pattern input interface 112 provides an interface for receiving information specifying patterns to be matched in the event streams. Pattern input interface 112 may provide a graphical user interface that allows information to be entered specifying one or more patterns to be matched, a command line interface for specifying the patterns to be matched, or some other interface. A pattern to be matched may be specified by a user of server 102. Information identifying a pattern to be matched may also be received from other sources, for example, from other components or modules of event processing server 102, or other systems or applications.

In one embodiment, patterns to be matched are specified using regular expressions. A regular expression is a string of symbols (also referred to as correlation names or correlation variables) representing the pattern to be matched. The regular expression is built using one or more symbols and may use one or more operators. Examples of operators include but are not limited to a concatenation operator (e.g., an “AND” operator between symbols in a regular expression may be used to indicate an AND relationship between the symbols), alternation operator (e.g., a vertical bar ‘|’ may separate symbols in a regular expression indicating an OR condition for the symbols), one or more quantifiers, grouping operator (e.g., indicated by parentheses), and the like. Examples of quantifiers include an asterisk ‘*’ implying zero or more occurrences of the symbol with which the quantifier is associated, a plus sign ‘+’ implying one or more occurrences of the symbol with which the quantifier is associated, a question mark ‘?’ implying zero or one occurrences of the symbol with which the quantifier is associated, reluctant quantifiers, and the like. Examples of operators and quantifiers that may be used, including associated syntax for the regular expressions, are provided and described in Fred Zemke et al., “Pattern Matching in Sequence of Rows (12),” ISO/IEC JTCi/SC32 WG3:URC-nnn, ANSI NCITS H2-2006-nnn, Jul. 31, 2007, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes.

In the past, regular expressions have been mainly used to find patterns in strings. In embodiments of the present invention, the power of regular expressions is used to match patterns in event streams received by event processing server 102. Regular expressions provide a simple, concise, and flexible way for specifying patterns to be matched. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, event processing server 102 may receive pattern information 118 specifying a regular expression to be matched in one or more event streams. In one embodiment, the pattern may be specified using pattern input interface 112 of pattern matching module 110.

Pattern information 118 may be provided using different languages. In one embodiment, a programming language such as SQL, which is commonly used to query databases, may be used. Extensions may be provided to SQL to express the pattern to be matched for event streams. For example, pattern information 118 may specify a SQL query comprising a regular expression specifying a pattern to be matched in one or more event streams received by event processing server 102.

Oracle supports a CQL (Continuous Query Language) language in Complex Events Processing (CEP) products. CQL is very similar to SQL with extensions for stream processing. Pattern matching constructs proposed to extend SQL to specify pattern matching via regular expressions (e.g., the constructs described in Fred Zemke et al., “Pattern Matching in Sequence of Rows (12),” ISO/IEC JTCi/SC32 WG3:URC-nnn, ANSI NCITS H2-2006-nnn, Jul. 31, 2007, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes) have been adopted in CQL to extend CQL for the purpose of specifying pattern matching requirements over event streams.

Typically, pattern matching for a query pattern occurs only over a single input stream. Pattern matching may also be performed over multiple event streams, for example, using CQL. In one embodiment, this may be done by first performing a UNION of all the relevant input streams over which pattern matching is to be done with the result defining a view corresponding to an intermediate stream, and the pattern to be matched can be specified over this single intermediate stream. The pattern will then be matched to all the streams included in the view.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a query 200 that may be provided specifying a pattern to be matched over an event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention. Query 200 comprises a FROM clause 202 that specifies an event stream “Ticker” over which pattern matching is to be performed. “Ticker” may represent a single event stream or a UNION of multiple streams.

Query 200 comprises a PATTERN component 203 that specifies a regular expression 204 identifying the pattern to be recognized in the event stream “Ticker”. The regular expression (A B C A B D) in query 200 comprises several symbols or correlation names. The pattern specified in FIG. 2 is an example of a simple nonrecurring pattern. It is nonrecurring since each symbol in the pattern specifies only a single occurrence of that symbol and does not include recurrences of the symbol. The alphabet set for a pattern comprises distinct symbols in the pattern. For the above example, the alphabet set is {A, B, C, D}. Each symbol in the alphabet corresponds to a variable name corresponding to a Boolean condition that is specified in the DEFINE component 206 of the query.

The DEFINE component 206 of query 200 specifies Boolean conditions (or predicates) that define the symbols declared in the regular pattern. For the example depicted in FIG. 2, the symbols declared in pattern 204 include A, B, C, and D. The predicates or Boolean conditions associated with the symbols are defined by the DEFINE component as follows:

Symbol Predicate A 30 <= A. price <= 40 B B. price < PREV(B. price) C C. price <= PREV(C. price) D D. price > PREV(D. price) It should be understood that all symbols defined in regular expression do not require an associated predicate. A symbol with no associated predicate is by default assumed to be always matched or true. Such a symbol may be used to match any event in an event stream.

The predicates depicted above are all related to the price attribute of an event. An event may have one or more attributes. The predicates may be based upon these attributes. A particular symbol is deemed to be matched by an input event received in an event stream if the predicate associated with the symbol is matched or satisfied due to the input event. For example, symbol A in FIG. 2 is matched by a received event if the price attribute of the received event is greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 40. Whether or not a predicate associated with a symbol is matched may depend on the present event and/or previously received events. For example, symbol B in FIG. 2 is matched by a received event if the price attribute of the received event is less than the price attribute of the event received just immediately preceding the presently received event. For the “Symbol” partition, when a PARTITION BY is specified (as in this example), PREV is the previous input received for that partition. A received input event in an event stream may cause zero or more symbols of the regular expression to be matched.

For the symbols and associated predicates depicted in FIG. 2:

(1) the symbol A is matched by an event received in the Ticker event stream if the value of the price attribute of the event is greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 40;

(2) the symbol B is matched by an event received in the Ticker event stream if the value of the price attribute of the received event is less than the price of the event received just immediately preceding the presently received event;

(3) the symbol C is matched by an event received in the Ticker event stream if the value of the price attribute of the received event is less than or equal to the price of the event received just immediately preceding the presently received event; and

(4) the symbol D is matched by an event received in the Ticker event stream if the value of the price attribute of the received event is greater than the price of the event received just immediately preceding the presently received event. As discussed earlier, for the “Symbol” partition, when a PARTITION BY is specified (as in this example), PREV is the previous input received for that partition.

As evident from the above, matching of symbols in a regular expression to events received in an event stream is quite different from conventional pattern matching in strings using regular expressions. In event stream pattern matching, a symbol in a regular expression is considered matched by a received event only if the predicate associated with the symbol is satisfied by the event. This is unlike character string matching using regular expressions wherein a symbol is matched if that symbol itself is present in the string to be matched. Further, in event stream pattern matching, multiple predicates can be satisfied at the same time and as a result multiple symbols may be matched by a received input event. This is not the case in regular string matching. Several other differences exist between pattern matching in strings and pattern matching in event streams.

For the pattern specified in FIG. 2, the pattern corresponding to (ABCABD) is matched in the event stream when symbol A is matched, followed by a match of B, followed by a match of C, followed by a match of A, followed by a match of B, and followed by a match of D. An example of runtime pattern matching processing performed for the pattern depicted in FIG. 2 is described below.

As indicated above, a pattern may be specified using a query, such as a CQL query depicted in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, the syntax for such a query follows the query standards specified in Fred Zemke et al., “Pattern Matching in Sequence of Rows (12),” ISO/IEC JTCi/SC32 WG3:URC-nnn, ANSI NCITS H2-2006-nnn, Jul. 31, 2007, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. Some of the components of the query include:

FROM <data_stream_name>—specifies the event stream over which pattern matching is to be performed.

MATCH_RECOGNIZE—Clause that contains all the sub-clauses or components relevant to the pattern specification.

PARTITION BY—Used to specify how the event stream is to be partitioned. If this clause is not used, then all the events constitute one partition.

AFTER MATCH SKIP TO—This clause determines the resumption point of pattern matching after a match has been found in the event stream.

PATTERN—Used to specify a regular expression built using one or more symbols and may contains operators.

DEFINE—This component is used to specify the predicates that define the symbols declared in the pattern.

As described above, SQL extensions are provided for specifying a query for performing pattern matching over event streams. The query may comprise a regular expression identifying the pattern to be matched and predicates defining or associated with symbols in the regular expression. The extensions enhance the ability to use SQL for performing pattern matching on event streams.

Referring back to FIG. 1, pattern information 118 is provided to class-technique determinator module 113 for further processing. Class-technique determinator module 113 is configured to identify a type or class of pattern based upon information 118 and to further determine a pattern matching technique to be used for performing pattern matching for the identified pattern type or class. Pattern matching module 110 is capable of performing for different types of patterns. In one embodiment, the type of class for a pattern is determined based upon the regular expression specified in information 118 and/or based upon the predicates associated with the symbols in the regular expression. Class-technique determinator module 113 is configured to analyze the regular expression and predicates specified in information 118 and determine a pattern class or type based upon the analysis.

In one embodiment, class-technique determinator uses pattern type information 120 identifying to determine the pattern class or type for the information provided in 118. Pattern type information 120 may identify different pattern types or classes and characteristics associated with the different pattern classes. Pattern matching module 110 may use pattern type information 120 to automatically identify a particular type or class of pattern for the pattern specified in pattern information 118 from among multiple pattern classes that module 110 is capable of processing. In another embodiment, pattern type information 120 is not needed, and pattern matching module 110 may be configured to automatically determine a type of pattern by analyzing the information provided in pattern information 118.

In one embodiment, pattern matching module 110 is configured to apply different pattern matching techniques for different types or classes of patterns. After a pattern type has been determined for the pattern specified in pattern information 118, module 113 is configured to determine a particular pattern matching technique, from among multiple available techniques, that is suited for performing pattern matching for the determined pattern. In this manner, a customized pattern matching technique or a technique that is best suited for performing pattern matching for the determined pattern type is determined. This helps to improve the efficiency of the pattern matching process for specific types of patterns.

In one embodiment, class-to-technique information 124 may be provided to pattern matching module 110 identifying one or more pattern classes and one or more pattern matching techniques to be used for detecting pattern matches for each pattern class. After a class of pattern specified in pattern information 118 has been determined, pattern matching module 110 may use class-to-technique information 124 to determine a specific pattern matching technique to be used for finding matches in the event stream. For example, if the pattern is determined to be a Class A pattern, then a pattern matching technique appropriate for a Class A pattern may be used for performing the pattern matching. Whereas, if the pattern is determined to be a Class B pattern, then a pattern matching technique appropriate for a Class B pattern may be used for performing the pattern matching.

In one embodiment, the pattern matching process comprises constructing a finite state automaton (FSA) for a given pattern and then using the constructed FSA to guide the pattern matching process during runtime as events are received. Automaton generator 114 is configured to parse the input regular expression received via interface 112 and build an automaton for the pattern to be matched. One or more automata constructed by generator 114 may be stored as automata information 122. The automaton generated for a pattern is then used in runtime by matcher 116 to guide detection of the pattern in event streams 104, 106, and 108.

As previously indicated, the pattern matching process may be customized for certain classes of patterns. In one embodiment, automaton generator 114 may receive information from class-technique module 113 identifying the class of the pattern and the technique to be used for performing the pattern matching for the identified class of pattern. Automaton generator 114 may then generate an automaton using the selected pattern matching technique.

Matcher 116 is configured to process the events received in the events streams during runtime to detect occurrences of the specified pattern in the incoming event streams. Matcher 116 uses the automaton generated by automaton generator 114 to guide the pattern matching process. For each event stream, the automaton is used as a guide to indicate how much of the specified pattern is matched by the events received in the event stream at any point in time. In one embodiment, bindings are maintained by matcher 116 after each event in an event stream is processed to capture the state of partial or full matches of the pattern at any point in time. A binding is like an assignment of contiguous events (and in the case of PARTITIONS, contiguous within the PARTITION) to one or more correlation names that corresponds to a partial (or possibly full) match that satisfies all the DEFINE predicates associated with the pattern. A binding indicates that degree to which a pattern is matched as a result of the last received event. Bindings stored after receiving an event may indicate partial matches that have the potential of becoming longer matches or full matches. If a particular pattern matching technique has been selected, matcher 116 may perform the processing according to the selected technique.

Matcher 116 may be configured to take one or more actions when a particular pattern is matched or detected in an event stream. For example, when a pattern is matched, matcher 116 may send a signal indicating that the pattern has been matched. The signal may be forwarded to one or more components of events processing server 102 or some other system for further processing. In one embodiment, the action may include outputting the events that resulted in the pattern being matched.

System 100 depicted in FIG. 1 is an example of a system which may incorporate an embodiment of the present invention. Various other embodiments and variations are possible. Similarly, the various modules depicted in FIG. 1 are shown as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. In alternative embodiments, more or less modules may be present. The various modules depicted in FIG. 1 may be implemented in software (e.g., code, program, instructions) executed by a processor, hardware, or combinations thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a separate class-technique determinator module 113 may not be provided. In such embodiments, the processing performed by module 113 may instead be performed by automaton generator 114 and matcher 116. In one such embodiment, automaton generator 114 may be configured to automatically determine a pattern class or type for the pattern specified in pattern information 118 and build an automaton. Matcher 116 may be configured to determine a pattern matching technique to be used for the determined pattern and then apply the determined technique during runtime processing of events received in an event stream.

FIG. 3 is a simplified flowchart 300 depicting a method of performing pattern matching on an event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the method depicted in FIG. 3 is performed by pattern matching module 110 depicted in FIG. 1. The processing depicted in FIG. 3 may be performed by software (e.g., code, program, instructions) executed by a processor, in hardware, or combinations thereof The software may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. The method depicted in FIG. 3 may be applied to multiple event streams.

As depicted in FIG. 3, processing is initiated upon receiving information identifying a pattern to be matched (step 302). In one embodiment, the information received in 302 comprises a regular expression specifying the pattern to be matched. For example, a query may be received in 302 specifying a regular expression identifying a pattern to be matched. The information received in 302 may also identify the event streams that are to be analyzed to determine if events received in the event streams match the specified pattern. The information received in 302 may also specify predicates associated with the symbols in the regular expression.

An automaton is then constructed for the pattern received in 302 (step 304). The automaton generated in 304 may be a finite state automaton (FSA).

The automaton constructed in 304 is then used during runtime to guide the pattern matching process to detect presence of the specified pattern in the specified event streams (step 306). As part of the processing, the event streams to be analyzed are passed through a state machine corresponding to the automaton generated in 304. As part of the processing in 306, bindings are maintained after each event received in an event stream has been analyzed to store the state of pattern matches, including partial matches that have the potential to turn into full matches, after processing the received event. As previously described, a binding is used to encapsulate a full or partial pattern match and maintains references to the received events of the stream that comprise the full or partial matched pattern.

One or more actions may be performed upon detecting a pattern match in an input event stream being analyzed (step 308). The actions performed may include sending a signal indicating a match, outputting the events in the event stream that resulted in the pattern match, and other actions.

Steps 302 and 304 typically represent design time or compile time activities that are performed before the pattern matching analysis may be performed. Steps 306 and 308 represent runtime activities that are performed in real time as events in an event stream are received and processed.

As indicated above, in one embodiment of the present invention, the type or class of the pattern to be matched is determined and then used to customize the pattern matching processing. FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart 400 depicting a method of performing pattern matching on an event stream based upon the type of the pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the method depicted in FIG. 4 is performed by pattern matching module 110 depicted in FIG. 1. The processing depicted in FIG. 4 may be performed by software (e.g., code, program, instructions) executed by a processor, in hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium.

As depicted in FIG. 4, processing is initiated upon receiving information identifying a pattern to be matched (step 402). The information received in 402 may comprise a regular expression identifying the pattern to be detected in an event stream and information identifying predicates associated with the one or more symbols in the regular expression.

Processing is then performed to determine a type or class of pattern for the pattern received in 402 (step 404). In one embodiment, the class of pattern may be determined based upon the regular expression received in 402 and/or the predicates defined for the symbols in the regular expression. For example, the type or class of pattern may be determined based upon the contents of the PATTERN and DEFINE clauses. Accordingly, in one embodiment, as part of the processing performed in 404, the information received in 402 is parsed to determine the contents of the PATTERN and DEFINE clauses. A type or class is then determined based upon analysis of the extracted contents.

In one embodiment, preconfigured information identifying different types of patterns and their associated characteristics may be used to facilitate the pattern type identification in 404. For example, as depicted in FIG. 1, pattern type information 120 depicted may be used to facilitate determination of the class or type. In one embodiment, pattern type information 120 may identify different types or classes of patterns and information specifying characteristics of each type and class.

A technique to be used for performing the pattern matching processing is then determined based upon the pattern class or type determined in 404 (step 406). In one embodiment, preconfigured information identifying different types of patterns and techniques to be used for each class may be used to facilitate identification of the technique in 406. For example, as depicted in FIG. 1, class-to-technique information 124 may be used to facilitate determination of a technique to be used based upon the class or type determined in 404.

Pattern matching processing is then performed by applying the technique determined in 406 (step 408). The processing performed in 408 may include constructing an automaton for the pattern received in 402. The automaton generation may be performed according to the technique determined in 406. Accordingly, the automaton generated in 408 may be customized for the particular class or type determined in 404.

Further, as part of the processing performed in 408, the automaton that is constructed may then be used during runtime to guide the pattern matching process to detect presence of the specified pattern in a specified event stream. The pattern detection may be performed per the technique determined in 406. In this manner, a pattern matching technique that is customized for or well suited for the type or class determined in 404 is used in 408.

As part of the processing performed in 408, the events received in an event stream are processed and passed through a state machine corresponding to the automaton generated in 408. As part of the processing in 408, bindings are maintained after each received event to represent the state of pattern matches including partial matches that have the potential to turn into full matches.

One or more actions may be performed upon detecting a full pattern match in the input event stream (step 410). The actions performed may include sending a signal indicating a match, outputting event instances that resulted in the full pattern match, and other actions.

Steps 402, 404, and 406 represent design time or compile time activities that are performed before the runtime pattern matching may be performed. Steps 408 and 410 represent runtime activities that are performed in real time as events in an event stream are received and processed.

As described above, an automaton such as a finite state automaton (FSA) is generated for a pattern to be matched prior to runtime processing. For example, an automaton is generated for the pattern corresponding to the regular expression (A B C A B D) depicted in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, the automaton generated for the example in FIG. 2 has seven states including a start state Q0 and one state for each symbol position in the pattern with state Qi corresponding to pattern symbol position Pi. Since there are six symbol positions in the pattern (A B C A B D), the seven states for this pattern are Q0 (initial state), Q1 (state representing partial match of the 1^(st) symbol “A”), Q2 (state representing partial match of the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) symbols “AB”), Q3 (state representing partial match of the 1^(st), 2^(nd), and 3^(rd) symbols “ABC”), Q4 (state representing partial match of the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), and 4^(th) symbols “ABCA”), Q5 (state representing partial match of the 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), and 5^(th) symbols “ABCAB”), and Q6 (final state representing full match of pattern “ABCABD”). The alphabet for the pattern is {A, B, C, D}. An extra symbol may be added to represent an event that does not match any of the specified symbols in the pattern. In this example, this extra symbol may be represented by letter R. Hence, the alphabet for the above pattern depicted in FIG. 2 is the set {A, B, C, D, R}.

Table A (shown below) depicts a state transition function table created for the FSA generated for the pattern identified in FIG. 2 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

TABLE A State Alphabet(s) Next State Q0 A Q1 Q0 B, C, D, R Q0 Q1 B Q2 Q1 A, C, D, R Q0 Q2 C Q3 Q2 A, B, D, R Q0 Q3 A Q4 Q3 B, C, D, R Q0 Q4 B Q5 Q4 A, C, D, R Q0 Q5 D Q6 Q5 A, B, C, R Q0

In Table A, the first column shows an initial state. The third column of the table identifies a state to which a transition is made from the initial state upon receiving an event that matches the symbols identified in the second column of the table. For example, as shown by the first two rows of Table A, the FSA starts in state Q0. If an event received in the event stream causes the first symbol A in the pattern to be matched, then the FSA transitions from state Q0 to state Q1. However, if any other symbol (e.g., B, C, D, or R) is matched by the received event, then the FSA continues to be in state Q0. Likewise, when in state Q1, if the next event causes symbol B to be matched, then the FSA transitions to state Q2 and if the event matches a A, C, D, or R, then the state reverts to state Q0. In this manner, Table A specifies the automaton for the pattern identified by regular expression (A B C A B D).

The general idea for the FSA is to have one state per prefix of the pattern to be matched. There is a forward transition from a state Qi only corresponding to the matching of the symbol that when concatenated with the prefix associated with state Qi produces the prefix associated with the state Qi+1. For all other symbols the transition is to state Q0. For example consider state Q5. The prefix corresponding to this state is ABCAB. If the next event in the event stream matches the symbol D, the FSA machine will transition to state Q6 since the prefix associated with state is ABCABD which is the concatenation of ABCAB (the prefix associated with state Q5) and the matched symbol D. On the other hand, if the next event in the event stream matches the symbol C, the FSA state machine will transition to state Q0.

The FSA generated for the pattern identified by (A B C A B D) is then used at runtime to guide the detection of the specified pattern in an event stream. For purposes of illustrating how the FSA of Table A may be applied to an event stream, it is assumed that the event stream comprises events as shown below in Table B and are received in the sequence depicted in Table B. The event stream may be for example a ticker event stream comprising the price of a stock.

TABLE B Seq # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Price 36 35 35 34 32 32 31 45 Matching A A A A A A A D Symbols B C B B C B C C C C As shown in Table B, events are received in sequence (as determined by the time stamp associated with each event) and have price attributes: 36, 35, 35, 34, 32, 32, 31, 45. The third row in Table B depicts, for each sequence time point, the symbols of the pattern that are matched by the price attribute of the event received at that time point. For example, at sequence #0, an event is received having a price attribute of 36 that results in symbol A being matched since 30<=36<=40, satisfying the predicate associated with symbol A. Price 35 received at sequence #1 causes the following matches: A (since 30<=35<=40), B (since 35<36 (the previous price)), and C (since 35<=36 (the previous price)). Likewise, price 35 received at seq #2 results in the following matches: A (since 30<=35<=40) and C (since 35<=35). Price 34 received at seq #3 results in the following matches: A (since 30<=34<=40), B (since 34<35) and (since 34<=35). Price 32 received at seq #4 results in the following matches: A (since 30<=32<=40), B (since 32<34), and C (since 32<=35). Price 32 received at seq #5 results in the following matches: A (since 30<=32<=40) and C (since 32<=32). Price 31 received at #6 results in the following matches: A (since 30<=31<=40), B (since 31<32), and C (since 31<=32). Price 45 received at seq #7 results in the following matches: only D (since 45>31).

Table C shows the state of the FSA (of Table A) after receipt of each event in the event stream according to the sequence indicated in Table B.

TABLE C Matched Seq # Price Symbol State of FSA Stored Bindings {Q0} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) 0 36 A {Q0, Q1} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) Q1: (0, *, *, *, *, *) 1 35 A {Q0, Q1, Q2} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) B Q1: (1, *, *, *, *, *) C Q2: (0, 1, *, *, *, *) 2 35 A {Q0, Q1, Q3} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) C Q1: (2, *, *, *, *, *) Q3: (0, 1, 2, *, *, *) 3 34 A {Q0, Q1, Q2, Q4} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) B Q1: (3, *, *, *, *, *) C Q2: (2, 3, *, *, *, *) Q4: (0, 1, 2, 3, *, *) 4 32 A {Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q5} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) B Q1: (4, *, *, *, *, *) C Q2: (3, 4, *, *, *, *) Q3: (2, 3, 4, *, *, *) Q5: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, *) 5 32 A {Q0, Q1, Q3, Q4} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) C Q1: (5, *, *, *, *, *) Q3: (3, 4, 5, *, *, *) Q4: (2, 3, 4, 5, *, *) 6 31 A {Q0, Q1, Q2, Q4, Q5} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) B Q1: (6, *, *, *, *, *) C Q2: (5, 6, *, *, *, *) Q4: (3, 4, 5, 6, *, *) Q5: (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, *) 7 45 D {Q0, Q6} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) Q6: (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

The first column of Table C “Seq #” identifies the sequence number indicating the sequence time point at which an event is received. The second column “Price” indicates, for each sequence, the value of the price attribute of the event received in the event stream in that sequence point. The third column “Matched Symbol” identifies, for each event, the symbol or correlation name(s) that is matched by the event received at the sequence. Zero or more symbols may be matched by an event. The fourth column “State of FSA” identifies, for each sequence, the different states in which the FSA may be in after processing the event received in that sequence. The fifth column “Stored Bindings”, for each sequence time point, indicates the bindings that are stored for a sequence time point after processing an event received at that sequence time point. Each binding identifies a partial or full match of the pattern to be matched. In Table C, each binding identifies a state representing a partial or full match after processing an event. Each binding also identifies the events that cause the binding to be in that state. For example, a binding Q2: (2,3,*,*,*,*) represents a partial match (of the first two symbols) of the pattern being matched and corresponds to the FSA being in state Q2 due to prices associated with events received in seq #2 and seq #3. As another example, a binding Q3: (3,4,5,*,*,*) indicates that the binding corresponds to the FSA being in state Q3 due to a partial match due to prices associated with events received in sequences #3, #4, and #5. A Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicates a binding corresponding to the Q0 state, which is the starting state, and represents no match of the pattern being matched.

Bindings stored after processing an event encapsulate partial or full matches. A binding indicates that degree to which a pattern is matched as a result of the last received event. Bindings stored after receiving an event may indicate partial matches that have the potential of becoming longer matches or full matches. They contain the mapping information between a symbol and the event from the stream. At any point in time, for the pattern identified by regular expression depicted in FIG. 2, one instance of a binding is maintained per state that the machine is in. For example, after seq #3, four bindings are maintained, one binding for each of states Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q4. This follows from the construction of the FSA. Each state of the FSA corresponds to a unique prefix of the pattern. For the simple pattern (A B C A B D), the length of the prefix associated with each state is fixed. The number of elements in the binding associated with a state that are not ‘*’, i.e., they are valid event associations, is equal to the length of the pattern prefix associated with the state. The set of valid event associations in a binding are always contiguous events of the event stream and are the last k events of the event stream, where k is the length of the pattern prefix associated with the state. Accordingly, exactly one instance of a binding is maintained per state that the FSA machine is in after receiving each event. As will be discussed below in further detail, for certain type of patterns, like the pattern depicted in FIG. 2, the number of bindings at any point in time is bound from above by the number of possible states of the FSA, which is one plus the number of symbols in the regular expression specifying the pattern. Accordingly, for the regular expression (A B C A B D), the maximum number of bindings that are maintained at any time is 6+1=7. A binding can be thought of as a vector of length m, with position i of the vector corresponding to the symbol Pi of the pattern. Its sequence number in the event stream indicates the event that is bound to this position.

The processing depicted in Table C may be described as follows:

(1) The FSA starts in state Q0.

(2) At seq #0, an event is received with price 36. This results in a match with symbol A and causes the FSA to be in two possible states Q0 and Q1. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no partial pattern match. The binding corresponding to this state is Q1: (0,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“A”) due to the event received in seq #0.

(3) At seq #1, an event is received with price 35. This results in a match with symbols A, B, and C and causes the FSA to be in three possible states Q0, Q1, and Q2. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no partial pattern match. The binding corresponding to state Q1 is Q1: (1,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“A”) due to the event received in seq #1. The binding corresponding to state Q2 is Q2: (0,1,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“AB”) due to the events received in seq #0 and seq #1.

(4) At seq #2, an event is received with price 35. This results in a match with symbols A and C and causes the FSA to be in three possible states Q0, Q1, and Q3. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no pattern match. The binding corresponding to state Q1 is Q1: (2,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“A”) due to the event received in seq #2. The binding corresponding to state Q3 is Q3: (0,1,2,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABC”) due to the events received in seq #0, seq #1, and seq #2.

(5) At seq #3, an event is received with price 34. This results in a match with symbols A, B, and C and causes the FSA to be in four possible states Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q4. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no pattern match. The binding corresponding to state Q1 is Q1: (3,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“A”) due to the event received in seq #3. The binding corresponding to state Q2 is Q2: (2,3,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“AB”) due to the events received in seq #2 and seq #3. The binding corresponding to state Q4 is Q4: (0,1,2,3,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABCA”) due to the events received in seq #0, seq #1, seq #2, and seq #3.

(6) At seq #4, an event is received with price 32. This results in a match with symbols A, B, and C and causes the FSA to be in five possible states Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q5. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no pattern match. The binding corresponding to state Q1 is Q1: (4,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“A”) due to the event received in seq #4. The binding corresponding to state Q2 is Q2: (3,4,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“AB”) due to the events received in seq #3 and seq #4. The binding corresponding to state Q3 is Q3: (2,3,4,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABC”) due to the events received in seq #2, seq #3, and seq #4. The binding corresponding to state Q5 is Q5: (0,1,2,3,4,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABCAB”) due to the events received in seq #0, seq #1, seq #2, seq #3, and seq #4. It should be noted here that binding Q5 is just one match from a complete pattern match.

(7) At seq #5, an event is received with price 32. This results in a match with symbols A and C and causes the FSA to be in four possible states Q0, Q1, Q3, and Q4. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no pattern match. The binding corresponding to state Q1 is Q1: (5,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“A”) due to the event received in seq #5. The binding corresponding to state Q3 is Q3: (3,4,5,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABC”) due to the events received in seq #3, seq #4, and seq #5. The binding corresponding to state Q4 is Q4: (2,3,4,5,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABCA”) due to the events received in seq #2, seq #3, seq #4, and seq #5.

(8) At seq #6, an event is received with price 31. This results in a match with symbols A, B, and C and causes the FSA to be in five possible states Q0, Q1, Q2, Q4, and Q5. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no pattern match. The binding corresponding to state Q1 is Q1: (6,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“A”) due to the event received in seq #6. The binding corresponding to state Q2 is Q2: (5,6,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“AB”) due to the events received in seq #5 and seq #6. The binding corresponding to state Q4 is Q4: (3,4,5,6,*,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABCA”) due to the events received in seq #3, seq #4, seq #5, and seq #6. The binding corresponding to state Q5 is Q5: (2,3,4,5,6,*) indicating that the binding represents a partial pattern match (“ABCAB”) due to the events received in seq #2, seq #3, seq #4, seq #5, and seq #6.

At seq #7, an event is received with price 45. This results in a match with symbol D and causes the FSA to be in two possible states Q0 and Q6. The binding corresponding to state Q0 is Q0: (*,*,*,*,*,*) indicating that the binding represents no partial pattern match. The binding corresponding to state Q6 is Q6: (2,3,4,5,6,7) indicating that the binding represents a full pattern match (“ABCABD”) due to the event received in seq #2, seq #3, seq #4, seq #5, seq #6 and seq #7.

State Q6, that is reached after the event in seq #7, represents that final state of the FSA representing a full pattern match. In the above example, the full pattern is matched due to events received in sequences 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The events received at these sequence are italicized in Table B and in Table C and their corresponding states that resulted in a full match have been underlined. One or more actions may be initiated after the pattern match. The actions may include outputting the events that resulted in the final state. For the pattern indicated in FIG. 2, after the final state is reached, the state of the FSA machine is set back to {Q0}, the initial state. This is done since the length of the matching bindings at the final state is always fixed.

After a match is found, the resumption point of the pattern matching is determined based upon the AFTER MATCH SKIP TO clause (shown in FIG. 2) in the query. With reference to a match contained in another full match, the AFTER MATCH SKIP TO clause determines if overlapping matches are to be reported. By default, the AFTER MATCH SKIP TO clause is set to TO PAST LAST ROW, which indicates that once a match is obtained, overlapping partial matches are discarded and pattern matching is resumed anew. For details on the AFTER MATCH SKIP TO clause, please refer to Fred Zemke et al., “Pattern Matching in Sequence of Rows (12),” ISO/IEC JTCi/SC32 WG3:URC-nnn, ANSI NCITS H2-2006-nnn, Jul. 31, 2007.

An interesting thing to note in the above example is the transitions that occur after processing the event at seq #5. After the event received at seq #4, the FSA is one event away from a full pattern match. However, the event received at seq #5 does not complete a full pattern match. However, binding Q3: (2,3,4,*,*,*) representing a partial match (“ABC”) after seq #4 is progressed to a Q4: (2,3,4,5,*,*) binding after seq #5 representing a partial match (“ABCA”).

As described above, pattern matching after receiving an event is performed based upon the received event and events received prior to the received event. The bindings that are stored after processing of an event enable the pattern matching to be performed without backtracking or re-scanning of the received events. In one embodiment, an event is processed upon its receipt by server 102. After an event is received and processed, the extent to which the pattern specified by the regular expression is matched based upon the most recently received event and one or more events received prior to the most recently received event is determined. The bindings stored after receipt and processing of an event encapsulate the extent of the matches. The bindings stored after the receipt of the last received event are then used to determine pattern matches after receipt of the next event. As a result of the use of bindings, the one or more events that have been received prior to the most recently received event do not have to be processed again for the pattern matching processing. In this manner, for purposes of pattern matching, an event is processed only once upon receipt of the event by server 102. After an event has been received and processed, the event does not have to be processed again as more events are received by server 102. The bindings after a sequence store the match information that is used for evaluating the DEFINE predicates and evaluating the MEASURES clause on obtaining a full match. In this manner, backtracking of events is not performed for the pattern matching according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As another example, consider the sequence of events depicted in Table D and the matched symbols:

TABLE D Seq No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Price 36 25 25 34 25 25 31 25 45 Matching A B C A B C A B D Symbols C D C D C

Table E shows the state of the FSA (of Table A) after receipt of each event in an event stream according to the sequence indicated in Table D.

TABLE E Seq # Price Matched Symbol State of FSA Stored Bindings {Q0} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) 0 36 A {Q0, Q1} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) Q1: (0, *, *, *, *, *) 1 25 B {Q0, Q2} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) C Q2: (0, 1, *, *, *, *) 2 25 C {Q0, Q3} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) Q3: (0, 1, 2, *, *, *) 3 34 A {Q0, Q1, Q4} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) D Q1: (3, *, *, *, *, *) Q4: (0, 1, 2, 3, *, *) 4 25 B {Q0, Q2, Q5} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) C Q2: (3, 4, *, *, *, *) Q5: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, *) 5 25 C {Q0, Q3} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) Q3: (3, 4, 5, *, *, *) 6 31 A {Q0, Q1, Q4} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) D Q1: (6, *, *, *, *, *) Q4: (3, 4, 5, 6, *, *) 7 25 B {Q0, Q2, Q5} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) C Q2: (6, 7, *, *, *, *) Q5: (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, *) 8 45 D {Q0, Q6} Q0: (*, *, *, *, *, *) Q6: (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)

As depicted in Table E, the final state Q6 is reached due to events received at sequence numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. The events resulting in a full match are italicized in the second column and the corresponding symbols that result in the match are underlined in the third column.

Class A Patterns

As indicated above, the technique used for performing pattern matching may be different for different types or classes of patterns. This section describes a pattern matching technique used for a specific simplified pattern referred to as a Class A pattern. The customized processing described in this section may be applied for detecting Class A patterns in one or more event streams.

In one embodiment, a Class A pattern is defined as follows: Let the pattern to be matched be P=(P₁, P₂, . . . , P_(m)), where m>=1. A Class A pattern is one where each Pi is only one of the following:

-   -   C_(i)—a symbol without any quantifier     -   C_(i)*—a symbol followed by a greedy * quantifier, indicating         zero or more occurrences of C_(i)     -   C_(i)+—a symbol followed by a greedy + quantifier, indicating         one or more occurrences of C_(i)     -   C_(i)?—a symbol followed by a greedy ? quantifier, indicating         zero or one occurrences of C_(i)

Further, for a Class A pattern, the predicate defined for a symbol cannot be dependent on any other symbols. In other words, the predicate for a symbol has to be independent of other symbols. Accordingly, a predicate defined for a symbol in a Class A pattern does not include other symbols. For example, the predicate for a symbol A cannot have the following predicate (A.price<B.price) in which the predicate for A is dependent on symbol B. Also, aggregation operators (e.g., sum) over the same symbol are not permitted in the DEFINE clause for a Class A pattern. Further, for Class A patterns, only the regular expression concatenation operator is allowed to link the symbols in the regular expression, as shown above. Other, regular expression operators such as ALTERNATION (or |) and GROUPING are not permitted.

As described above, in order for a pattern specified in a query to be classified as a Class A pattern, the pattern and the predicates associated with symbols in the pattern have to satisfy certain restrictions described above. Accordingly, as part of determining a pattern type for a pattern specified in a query, pattern matching module 110 is configured to extract the regular expressions and predicates from the query and determine if the various characteristics (limitations) of a Class A pattern are satisfied. The pattern is classified as a Class A pattern only if the restrictions are satisfied. This processing may be performed, for example, in step 404 depicted in FIG. 4.

Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that each C_(i) is distinct (although this is not a requirement for Class A patterns). It can be shown that the other cases, where the C_(i)'s are not distinct, can be reduced to an instance of the case where the C_(i)'s are distinct. This can be done by, for each repetition, replacing the repeated symbol with a new symbol defined using the same predicate.

The example query 500 depicted in FIG. 5 depicts an example of a Class A pattern and will be used to illustrate detection of Class A patterns in an event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention. Query 500 comprises a regular expression 502 (AB*C) specifying the pattern to be detected. The pattern specified by regular expression 502 is an example of a recurring pattern due to the B* portion since it specifies zero or more recurrences of B. The predicates for the symbols A, B, and C are defined by DEFINE clause 504. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the predicate for each symbol is defined such that it is not dependent on any other symbol. In other words, a predicate for a symbol does not include other symbols. For example, the predicate for A does not include B, or C.

Pattern matching module 110 is configured to analyze query 500 as specifying a pattern that is a Class A pattern. Upon recognizing a pattern as a Class A pattern, pattern matching module 110 is configured to determine and apply a technique that is specified for Class A pattern processing. In one embodiment, according to the selected technique, a finite state automaton (FSA) is created for the pattern. The following definitions are introduced to formally describe the structure of the automaton. Let Σ (alphabet)={C _(i)|1≦i≦m} Let e_(i) denote the i^(th) event of the input event stream Let C(i)⊂Σ be defined as C(i)={C_(i)|e_(i) satisfies the predicate defining correlation name C_(i)} FOLLOW(i), for 0≦i≦m, is defined as follows

FOLLOW(m)={$} where $ is a special symbol

For 0≦i≦m−1,

$\begin{matrix} {{{FOLLOW}(i)} = {{{FOLLOW}\left( {i + 1} \right)}\bigcup C_{i + 1}}} & {{if}\mspace{14mu}\left( {P_{i + 1} = {{C_{i + 1}^{*}\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu} P_{i + 1}} = {C_{i + 1}?}}} \right)} \\ {= C_{i + 1}} & {otherwise} \end{matrix}$

The automaton corresponding to the pattern M(P)=(Q, Σ, δ, Q0, F) is defined as follows: Q=Q0∪{Qi|1≦i≦m}. Intuitively, there is one initial state and then one state per pattern symbol (or per correlation name since it is assumed without loss of generality that the symbols are distinct).

Σ is the alphabet given by Σ={C_(i)|1≦i≦m}k

δ is the state transition function (defined in detail below)

Q0 is the initial state

F is the set of final states; F={Qi|QiεQ and FOLLOW(i) contains $}

The state transition function for a state Qi, for 0≦i≦m, is defined as follows: δ(Qi,C _(j))=Qj where j>i and C _(j)εFOLLOW(i)−{$}=Qi if P _(i) =C _(i)* or P _(i) =C _(i) +=Q0 otherwise

Applying the above construction technique to the example depicted in FIG. 5 yields the following automaton:

FOLLOW(3)={$}

FOLLOW(2)={C}

FOLLOW(1)={C, B}

FOLLOW(0)={A}

Table F depicts the state transition for the automaton constructed for the pattern specified in FIG. 5.

TABLE F State Alphabet Next State Q0 A Q1 Q1 B Q2 Q1 C Q3 Q2 C Q3 Q2 B Q2 All other transitions lead to the next state of Q0.

The following observation follows directly from the construction above:

(1) If state QiεF, then for all j>i, QjεF

(2) If δ(Qi, Cj)!=Q0 for j>i, then δ(Q_(i−1), C_(j)) also !=Q0

The FSA constructed for the Class A pattern is then used during pattern matching to guide detection of the specified Class A pattern in event streams during runtime processing. Table G depicts an example of an input event stream for illustrating the processing that occurs at runtime for detecting a Class A pattern. As with previous examples, Table G indicates the sequence in which events are received in the event stream. For each event, the table shows the position of the event in the event stream, the price attribute of the event, and, for each sequence point, the symbols that are matched by the input event received at that sequence point. A symbol is considered matched by an event if the predicate associated with the symbol is satisfied by the event. As explained below, the underlined items in Table G constitute an instance of a full pattern match for pattern (AB*C).

TABLE G Seq No. 1 2 3 4 5 Price 40 20 10 10 40 Matching A A A A A Symbols B B B C C

During runtime, the FSA machine of Table F is used to detect the specified pattern in any one of several events based upon the prices associated with the input events. For a Class A pattern, multiple event matches may arise due to the non-determinism (since one event may match multiple correlation names) in the input events. For example, in the above example, upon receiving event e₅, the FSA machine is (logically) looking for a pattern match in one of 18 event matches such as {AAAAA, AAABA, AAACA, ABAAA . . . }.

At every point in time (i.e., at any sequence number), after processing an input event e_(i,), the state of the automaton machine may be defined as follows: S(i)={q|qεQ} with S(0)={Q0} Now S(i+1) is given as follows: S(i+1)=∪_(qεS(i)){δ(q, a) where aεC(i+1)} UNION Q0 Accordingly, for each state in S(i), the next state is found for each symbol that the input event can be bound to. S(i+1) represents the union of all these states. Maintaining S(i) is the way to simulate simultaneous detection of the pattern in any one of several matches. This may be implemented by maintaining S(i) at any point in the manner described above with the addition that Q0 is always in S(i).

Table H shown below illustrates application of the automaton depicted in Table F to the events received according to Table G.

TABLE H Seq # Matching e_(i) Event (price) Symbol State of FSA {Q0} 1 40 A {Q0, Q1} 2 20 A {Q0, Q1, Q2} B 3 10 A {Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3} B C 4 10 A {Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3} B C 5 40 A {Q0, Q1}

As depicted in Table H, the event received at seq #1 (price=40) results in symbol A being matched and causes the FSA to be in states Q0 and Q1 (“A”). The event received at seq #2 (price=20) results in symbols A and B being matched and causes the FSA to be in states Q0, Q1 (“A”), and Q2 (“AB*”). The event received at seq #3 (price=10) results in symbols A, B, and C being matched and causes the FSA to be in states Q0, Q1 (“A”), Q2 (“AB*”), and Q3 (“AB*C”). Since Q3 is the final state (underlined in Table H), it indicates a full pattern match for pattern AB*C. Even though a full pattern match has been found, in one embodiment, the full pattern match is not output and pattern matching continues to find the longest pattern match. The event received at seq #4 (price=10) results in symbols A, B, B and C being matched and causes the FSA to be in states Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3. Since Q3 is the final state, it again indicates a match for pattern AB*C. The event received at seq #5 (price=40) results in symbol A being matched and causes the FSA to be in states Q0, and Q1. At this point, there is no longer match possible and the matched pattern at seq #4 is output. In this manner, pattern matching on the input events is performed.

For a Class A pattern, preferment rules are used to determine which matches to store. For example, all matches may be stored or only the longest match may be stored. Rules that control such behavior are referred to as preferment rules. In one embodiment, preferment may be given to matches based upon the following priorities:

(1) A match that begins at an earlier event is preferred over a match that begins at a later event.

(2) Of two matches matching a greedy quantifier, the longer match is preferred.

(3) Of two matches matching a reluctant quantifier, the shorter match is preferred.

Matches are then chosen and maintained per the preferment rules. For information on preferment rules, please also refer to Fred Zemke et al., “Pattern Matching in Sequence of Rows (12),” ISO/IEC JTCi/SC32 WG3:URC-nnn, ANSI NCITS H2-2006-nnn, Jul. 31, 2007. For example, in the example of Table H, if seq #5 were to evaluate to a C, then the longest match would be A B B B C (since seq #4 also evaluates to a B) and not the current A B B C. Further, if seq #5 were a C, then as per the default SKIP clause (which is SKIP PAST LAST ROW), the overlapping match A B B C would not be reported.

Bindings are maintained to facilitate the pattern matching without performing backtracking on the input events. A binding indicates that degree to which a pattern is matched as a result of the last received event. Bindings stored after receiving an event may indicate partial matches that have the potential of becoming longer matches or full matches. For simple non-recurring patterns, as specified in FIG. 2 and described above, for a state Qi, the length of the binding (the number of non-star elements in the binding, i.e., the number of elements that have an associated event from the stream mapped) is “i” and since this is always the last “i” events of the event stream, the binding is unique for a state and thus there is one binding per state. However, for recurring patterns, such as the pattern specified in FIG. 5, there could be multiple bindings applicable for a given state at any point in time. For example in Table H, after processing e₃ (i.e., event received at seq #3) for state Q2 (state representing matching of the first two symbols of the pattern), both (1) (A=2, B=3) (i.e., A matched by the event at seq #2 and B matched by the event at seq #3) and (2) (A=1, B=2, B=3) are valid bindings. However, since the predicate defining a symbol is defined independent of other symbols (a feature of Class A patterns), it follows that the set of symbols that an event can be bound to is independent of the current bindings. This is a feature of Class A patterns (and as will be described below differentiates it from Class B patterns).

As is evident from the above, a full match state for a Class A pattern may have multiple bindings associated with it. Preferment rules may be preconfigured for the pattern matching system for selecting a particular binding from the multiple bindings. For example, as depicted in FIG. 1, preferment rules 126 may be configured that are used by pattern matching module 110 to select which binding, from among many, to select. In one embodiment, these preferment rules may be configured to follow the preferment rules defined by a specification being supported by the pattern matching system. For example, the preferment rules for an embodiment of the present invention may be configured to follow and support the preferment rules defined by the “Pattern Matching in Sequences of Rows (12)” specification. Preferment rules may be preconfigured for the pattern matching system specifying rules for selecting a partial binding for a state for further processing from among multiple partial bindings associated with that state.

Since an FSA is a right-invariant equivalence relation over Σ* (that is if xR_(M)y then xzR_(M)yz for strings x,y and any string z), and the preferment rules used for the processing are prefix based, only one of these bindings needs to be maintained (for the SKIP PAST LAST ROW case). From the above, it follows that the number of active bindings stored at any point in time for a Class A pattern is bound by the number of states and is one plus the length of the specified pattern, i.e., one plus the number of symbol positions in the specified Class A pattern. For example, for the pattern AB*C, the maximum number of bindings maintained at any point is 3+1=4 bindings. Thus, in the default SKIP case (SKIP PAST LAST ROW) where the requirement is NOT to report overlapping matches, after processing every input event, there need be at most only one binding per state of the automaton.

For example, consider the previous example depicted in Table H where after the event received at seq #3 (referred as e3), there are two possible bindings that are associated with state Q2: (1) (A=2, B=3) and (2) (A=1, B=2, B=3). Now suppose “x” is the sequence of events corresponding to the first binding (i.e., x=(A=2, B=3)) and “y” is the sequence of events corresponding to the second binding (i.e., y=(A=1,B=2,B=3)), then for every following sequence of events “z”, both “xz” and “yz” will be in the same state of the automaton. This indicates right equivalence. The reason for this is due to the nature of a Class A pattern where predicates are independent of other symbols and hence the set of correlation names or symbols that an event can be bound to is independent of binding context.

Further, it can be shown that, whenever, “xz” is in final state, “yz” would be the match preferred over the match “xz” if and only if “y” is preferred over “x” per the preferment rules. Hence, it suffices to maintain the second binding (corresponding to “y”) and discard the first binding (corresponding to “x”) after processing input event e3, for state Q2.

For simple non-recurring patterns as specified in FIG. 2 and described above, when a state S(i) contains a final state (a state that is a member of F), the binding associated with the state is immediately output and S(i) is reset to {Q0}. This could be done since the length of matching bindings was always fixed, which meant that one could not get two matching bindings where one was properly contained in the other. In the case of simple recurring patterns as depicted in FIG. 5, it is possible to get two matches where one is properly contained in the other. For instance, in the example above, after processing e₃, S(i) contains the final state Q3. For example, if the associated binding is (A=1, B=2, C=3), it cannot be concluded at this point that this is part of the output since the binding (A=1, B=2, B=3) could develop into a longer match that would take precedence over (A=1, B=2, C=3) by the preferment rules. This is exactly what happens after processing e₄.

Based on the above, in one embodiment, bindings may be classified into 3 categories:

(1) Matched and reported bindings: These are bindings that constitute a full pattern match and are output;

(2) Matched but unsure bindings: These are bindings that constitute a full pattern match but there are other partial matches that could develop into matches and contain this binding. Hence, these bindings are not output at this point in time;

(3) Partial matches: These are bindings that are partial matches that have the potential to become full matches.

Further, the following may be defined for bindings:

Let “b” be a binding.

Interval of a binding INT(b)=(i,j) where i is the least sequence number of an event that is part of this binding and j is the highest sequence number of an event in the binding. For example, for the binding b=(A=1, B=2, C=3), INT(b)=(1,3)

Left(b)=i where INT(b)=(i,j)

Right(b)=j where INT(b)=(i,j)

Length(b)=j−i+1 where INT(b)=(i,j)

For a set TB of bindings, min(TB)={min left(b)|bεTB}, max(TB)={max right(b)|bεTB}

Based upon the above, it can be shown that in the case of Class A recurrent patterns as specified in FIG. 5, there can be at most one binding that is in the matched but unsure category at any point in time. Further, we can show that left(d)=min(TB) (where ‘d’ is the unique binding in the matched but unsure category). This essentially follows from the above based on the structure of the automaton constructed.

Accordingly, maintaining bindings during runtime processing essentially involves maintaining the vector (d, B) where d is the binding (if any) in the matched but unsure category and B is the set of partial match bindings. On processing e_(i), let F1 denote the set of final states in S(i) and let B1 denote the set of bindings associated with the states in F1. FIG. 6 depicts a simplified flowchart 600 depicting a method of maintaining bindings for Class A patterns according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method may be performed by software (program, code, instructions executed by a processor), in hardware, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the processing is performed by matcher 116 depicted in FIG. 1.

As depicted in FIG. 6, a determination is to check if F1 and d are empty or non-empty (step 602). Here, “d” refers to the value of the symbol after processing event e_((i−1)) and “F1” refers to the set after processing event e_(i). B corresponds to the set of partial match bindings after processing event e_(i). Processing is then performed based upon the determinations in 602. There can be one of four situations:

(1) If F1 and d are both determined to be empty, then the set of stored bindings B is updated (step 604). Accordingly, on processing e_(i), there will be a change to the set of stored bindings and B is updated. Nothing else is done in 604.

(2) If F1 is determined to be non-empty and d is determined to be empty, then among the bindings in B1, a unique binding b is picked after applying preferment rules (step 606). A determination is then made if left(b) is less than min(B) and if there is no transition from the final state corresponding to b (step 608). If the condition is 608 is met, then b is output and all bindings h from B and their corresponding states from S(i) are removed except for Q0 (step 610). If the condition in 608 is not satisfied then it implies that left(b)=min(B) since it is not possible that left(b)>min(B). In this case, d is set to b and all bindings h from B where left(h)>left(b) are removed and also all their corresponding states from S(i) are removed, except for Q0 (step 612). (3) If F1 is non-empty and d is non-empty, then the old d is discarded (step 614). Processing then proceeds with step 606. (4) If F1 is empty, d is non-empty, then if left(d)<min(B) (step 616), d is output (step 618) and then set to null (step 620). Else (i.e., left(d)==min(B), since left(d) cannot be greater than min(B)), then nothing is done.

Table I shown below depicts the processing after receipt of each event according the automaton depicted in Table F.

TABLE I State Matched Si E_(i) C S(i) Update Bindings Apply Preferment Partial Bindings but unsure Output {Q0} Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) 1 40 A {Q0, Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q1} Q1: (A = 1) Q1: (A = 1) Q1: (A = 1) 2 20 A {Q0, Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) B Q1, Q1: (A = 2) Q1: (A = 2) Q1: (A = 2) Q2} Q2: (A = 1, B = 2) Q2: (A = 1, B = 2) Q2: (A = 1, B = 2) 3 10 A {Q0, Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q3: (A = 1, B Q1, Q1: (A = 3)

B = 2, C = 3) C Q2, Q2: (A = 2, B = 3)

Q3} Q2: (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3) Q2: (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3) Q2: (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3) Q3: (A = 2, C = 3)

Q3: (A = 1, B = 2, C = 3) Q3: (A = 1, B = 2, C = 3) 4 10 A {Q0, Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q3: B Q1, Q1: (A = 4)

(A = 1, B = 2, C Q2, Q2: (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3, B = 4) Q2: Q2: B = 3, C = 4) Q3} Q3: (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3, C = 4) (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3, B = 4) (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3, B = 4) Q3: (A = 1, B = 2, B = 3, C = 4) 5 40 A {Q0, Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) Q0: ( ) (A = 1, B = Q1} Q1: (A = 5) Q1: (A = 5) Q1: (A = 5) 2, B = 3, C = 4)

In Table I, the first column shows the sequence in which events are received. The price attribute of each event is depicted in the second column. The third column shows the symbol matches after processing an event. The fourth column “State(S(i)” depicts the possible states of the finite automaton after processing each received event. The fifth column “Update Bindings” identifies the updated bindings corresponding to the states after processing an event. It should be noted that in the fifth column, a state may have multiple bindings associated with it. The sixth column “Apply Preferment” identifies bindings selected after applying preferment rules and/or deleting bindings as per steps 610 and 612 from FIG. 6 to the states and associated bindings depicted in the fifth column. As previously described, preferment rules are used to select a binding for a state from a set of bindings. Preferment rules are used in conjunction with the SKIP clause. It is sufficient to maintain only one binding per state. At times, after processing an input there may be states with more than one binding (as in this example). For each such state, the most “preferred” binding is retained and others are discarded. This is because, as mentioned earlier, it can be shown that (right equivalence) the retained binding will always yield a match that would be preferred compared to equivalent matches resulting from the same suffix applied on the other competing bindings that are discarded (for the same state). In Table I, the bindings that are deleted as a result of applying preferment rules are shown with a strikethrough. The seventh column “Partial Bindings” identifies partial bindings after processing an event after applying the preferment rules. The eight column “Matched but unsure” identifies the matched but unsure bindings after processing an event after applying the preferment rules. The ninth column “Output” identifies a binding that results in a pattern match that is output.

As indicated above, for Class A patterns, a state after processing an event can have multiple bindings associated with. After applying preferment rules, one or more of the bindings associated with a state may be deleted. In situations where you do not want overlapping matches (e.g., if the SKIP PAST LAST ROW clause is used), then some bindings may be deleted even if the deleted binding is a single binding for a state. For example, in Table I, after S3, it is known for sure that the first 3 events will participate in a full but unsure match, and since overlapping matches are not needed (SKIP PAST LAST ROW), there is no point in keeping A=3 in Q1 since it intersects with a previous match. Accordingly, after applying preferment rules, the binding A=3 in Q1 is deleted. In this manner, those bindings that can yield full matches that will be lower in preferment than an already determined full match can be deleted. If a state does not have any bindings associated with it, it is referred to as an inactive state and is also deleted. For example, in Table I, state QI is deleted after S3 and S4.

The following example illustrates how bindings are stored after receiving each event according to an embodiment of the present invention. For this example, let S(c1 integer) be an input event stream. A query Q may be received specifying a pattern to be detected in event stream S as follows:

SELECT * FROM S MATCH_RECOGNIZE ( MEASURES    A.c1 as c1,    B.c1 as c2,    C.c1 as c3,    D.c1 as c4 PATTERN(A B+ C D*) DEFINE    A as A.c1 % 2 == 0,    B as B.c1 % 3 == 0,    C as C.c1 % 5 == 0,    D as D.c1 % 7 == 0,   ) as T

In the above example, the (X.c1% Y==0) predicates test whether X.c1 is divisible by Y. The pattern specified in the query is a Class A pattern. Table J shows a sequence of events received in event stream S and the matched symbols for the pattern (AB+CD*)

TABLE J Seq No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 c1 2 3 30 14 77 4 Matching A B A A D A Symbols B D C

The FSA for the above query will have the following states:

Q0—initial state

Q1—corresponding to A

Q2—corresponding to AB+

Q3—corresponding to AB+C

Q4—corresponding to AB+CD*

Among these, Q3 and Q4 are the final states. It should also be noted that both the final states have an out transition, from Q3 to Q4 on D, and from Q4 to itself on D.

Processing of the input events, per the flowchart depicted in FIG. 6 and described above, occurs as shown below. In the description below, “d” refers to the value of the symbol after processing event e_((i−1)) and “F1” refers to the set after processing event e_(i). B refers to the set of partial bindings after processing event e_(i).

Sequence #1

Current Input=2

Matching symbols=A

F1={ }—empty

d={ }—empty

This is the case where d is empty and F1 is also empty.

S(1)={Q0, Q1}

B={<(A=2), Q1>} where < . . . > represents a single binding and (A=2) is the symbol to input mapping and Q represents the state associated with this binding.

Sequence #2

Current Input=3

Matching symbols=B

F1={ }—empty

d={ }—empty

This is the case where d is empty and F1 is also empty.

S(2)={Q0, Q2}

B={<(A=2, B=3), Q2>}

Sequence #3

Current Input=30

Matching symbols=A, B, C

F1={Q3}

This is the case where d is empty and F1 is not empty.

S(3)={Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3}

B={<(A=2, B=3, B=30), Q2>, <(A=30), Q1>}

b is the unique binding in the final state namely—<(A=2, B=3, C=30), Q3>

left(b)=seq#1=min(B)=seq#1

Thus, d=b=<(A=2, B=3, C=30), Q3>

Also, the binding <(A=30), Q1> with seq#4>left(b) is deleted and its associated state Q1 is removed from S(3).

So,

S(3)={Q0, Q2, Q3}

B={<(A=2, B=3, B=30), Q2>}

Sequence #4

Current Input=14

Matching symbols=A, D

F1={Q4}

This is the case where d is not empty and F1 is also not empty.

S(4)={Q0, Q1, Q4}

B={<(A=14), Q1>}

b is the unique binding in the final state namely—<(A=2, B=3, C=30, D=14), Q4>

left(b)=seq#1<min(B)=seq#4. However, there is a transition out of state Q4.

Thus, old d=<(A=2, B=3, C=30), Q3> is discarded and now

d=<(A=2, B=3, C=30, D=14), Q4>

Also, S(1) is reset to {Q0, Q4} since the binding <(A=14), Q1> is deleted and its associated state Q1 is removed from S(4). Thus B={ }

Sequence #5

Current Input=77

Matching symbols=D

F1={Q4}

This is the case where d is not empty and F1 is also not empty.

S(5)={Q0, Q4}

B={ }

b is the unique binding in the final state namely—<(A=2, B=3, C=30, D=14, D=77), Q4>

left(b)=seq#1=min(B) is not defined, also there is a transition out of state Q4.

Thus, old d=<(A=2, B=3, C=30, D=14), Q4> is discarded and now d=<(A=2, B=3, C=30, D=14, D=77), Q4>

Sequence #6

Current Input=4

Matching symbols=A

F1={Q0}

This is the case where d is not empty and F1 is empty.

S(6)={Q0, Q1}

B={<(A=4), Q1>}

left(d)=seq#1<min(B)=seq#6

Thus, d=<(A=2, B=3, C=30, D=14, D=77), Q4> is output and d reset back to empty.

Note that S(6) and B={<(A=4), Q1>} remain as they are and nothing is deleted in this case.

FIG. 7 is a simplified flowchart 700 depicting a method for performing pattern matching for Class A patterns after receiving each event in an event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method may be performed by software (program, code, instructions executed by a processor), in hardware, or combinations thereof The software may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium. In one embodiment, the processing is performed by matcher 116 depicted in FIG. 1.

The processing is initiated upon receiving an event (step 702). Symbols, if any, that are matched due to the event received in 702 are determined (step 704). One or more states for the automaton are determined based upon the symbols determined to be matched in 704 and based upon bindings, if any, stored prior to receiving the event received in 702 (step 706). For example, the bindings stored upon receiving and processing the event received prior to the event received in 702 may be used to determine the state(s) of the automaton.

Updated bindings are then determined and maintained for the states determined in 706 (step 708). In one embodiment, the processing depicted in FIG. 6 may be performed in step 708 as part of determining which bindings to update and maintain. The processing in step 708 may comprise updating the previously stored bindings, applying preferment rules to select bindings from among bindings associated with the same state, determining matched but unsure bindings, and determining matched bindings that are to be output. Full pattern matches, if any, that are to be output are then determined based upon whether or not the updated bindings comprise any bindings representing full pattern matches which are to be output (step 710). Events corresponding to the full pattern matches, if any, determined in 710 are then output (step 712). Other actions, triggered by a full pattern match, may also be performed in 712. The processing depicted in FIG. 7 is performed upon receiving each event in the event stream. The bindings determined and maintained in 708 are then used during processing of the next received event.

In one embodiment, the processing depicted in FIG. 6 and described above is performed in steps 708, 710, and 712 of FIG. 7.

The technique described above is capable of detecting Class A patterns, including recurring and non-recurring patterns, in input event streams without performing any backtracking of the input events. Further, due to application of preferment rules, only one binding associated with a given state of the FSA is maintained at any point in time. As a result, the number of bindings to be maintained at any time point after processing an event is bounded by the number of states, which in turn is proportional to the length of the pattern to be matched. This enables pattern matching of Class A patterns to be performed efficiently in polynomial space and time over the number of symbols making up the pattern to be matched. The technique is thus very scalable and pattern matching can be performed at reduced costs.

Further, since the predicates defining symbols for Class A patterns are defined independent of other symbols, it follows that the set of symbols that an input event can be bound to is independent of the current bindings. Further, since an FSA is a right-invariant equivalence relation over S* (that is if xRMy then xzRMyz for strings x,y and any string z), and the preferment rules are prefix based, only one of these bindings is maintained per state. Accordingly, the number of active bindings at any point in time is bound by the number of states and is equal to one plus the length of the pattern to be matched.

In the manner described above, embodiments of the present invention are capable of automatically identifying Class A pattern based upon the input pattern to be matched and based upon the predicates associated with the pattern symbols. Upon identifying a pattern as a Class A pattern, embodiments of the present invention are configured to select and apply a pattern matching technique that is appropriate for processing Class A patterns. The application of the selected technique enables processing of event streams for detecting Class A patterns to be performed efficiently (e.g., in terms of memory and processing resources used) and in a manner that is scalable.

Class A patterns represent a class of patterns which can be used to model a large number of use cases. Since the number of patterns that can be generally specified can be quite large and may require a significant amount of computing resources, it becomes beneficial to identify a subclass (e.g., Class A patterns) of the global universe of patterns that is widely used and for which an efficient customized pattern matching solution is applied as described above.

As described above, Class A patterns represent a subset of patterns that may be specified for pattern matching. The following section describes a more generalized technique for performing pattern matching in input event streams for patterns that may not fall under the umbrella of Class A patterns.

Class B Patterns (General Patterns)

The above section described a technique for identifying Class A patterns and performing pattern matching for this specific subclass of patterns in polynomial space and polynomial time. However, there are several patterns that do not qualify as Class A patterns. This section describes a technique for performing pattern matching for general patterns, which will be referred to as Class B patterns to differentiate them from Class A patterns. A Class B pattern may include a Class A pattern.

Class B patterns are general patterns that are not restricted by the limitations imposed on Class A patterns. One of the differences between processing of Class A patterns and the Class B patterns is that there may be multiple bindings in the Class B patterns scenario that are associated with a given state of the FSA at any point in time and that need to be maintained for processing of the next event while in the Class A pattern case at most one binding associated with a given state of the FSA may be maintained at any point in time. As a result, for Class A patterns that the number of bindings that is maintained after processing an event is bounded by the number of states, which itself is proportional to the number of symbols in the pattern to be matched, thus yielding a solution that is polynomial in space and time over the number of symbols making up that pattern.

Further, unlike Class A patterns, a predicate associated with a symbol in a Class B pattern may contain references to other symbols (e.g. a predicate associated with a symbol A be defined as (A.price<B.price), where B is another symbol having its own associated predicate). Accordingly, a predicate for a symbol in Class B patterns may be dependent on other symbols.

The framework for performing Class B pattern matching may be divided into two stages: (1) a compile or design time stage during which an automaton is constructed for the query; and (2) a runtime stage during which the automaton generated in (1) is used to guide the pattern matching process. Bindings representing partial and/or full matches are maintained during the runtime stage processing. In the first stage, if the pattern is included in a query, the query is compiled into an execution plan that comprises the automaton for the query. The plan is then executed at runtime.

FIG. 8 is an example of a query 800 specifying a Class B pattern 802 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The pattern tkpattern_q10 depicted in FIG. 8 is a Class B pattern but not a class A pattern (e.g., the aggregate “avg(B.c1)” in the predicate defining C is not allowed in a Class A pattern; also the predicate for B is dependent on A, which is not allowed in a Class A pattern). The predicates for the symbols in the pattern are defined by DEFINE clause 804. As can be seen from DEFINE clause 804, the predicate for one symbol may be dependent upon another symbol. For example, the predicate for symbol B is dependent upon symbol A, and the predicate for symbol C is dependent on symbol B. At compile time processing, query 800 may be compiled into an execution plan that is used for runtime processing. A Finite State Automaton (FSA) is constructed corresponding to regular expression and the predicates specified in query 800. As an example, the following sequence matches the pattern depicted in FIG. 8

10 11 12 13 2 A B B B C

FIG. 9 is a simplified flowchart 900 depicting a method for performing operations at compile time including constructing an automaton for a general Class B pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method may be performed by software (program, code, instructions executed by a processor), in hardware, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the processing is performed by automaton generator 114 depicted in FIG. 1. Flowchart 900 assumes that the input regular expression has been already been determined to specify a Class B pattern.

As depicted in FIG. 9, a standard grammar for regular expressions is used to create a parse tree for the specified regular expression specifying the pattern (step 902). The parse tree obtained in 902 is then used as a guide to recursively construct the FSA (step 904). The base case for recursion is a simple symbol (e.g., A) or symbol followed by a quantifier (e.g.,: A*).

The out-transitions from each state are ordered to handle the preferment rules (step 906). In order to identify the most preferred match, while applying transitions to a binding in state S, the transitions are applied in a specific order. This order (among the set of transitions from a state) is determined at compile time and stored as part of the automaton. Included in this order, is a rank for the “finality” of the state (applicable only for final states). This is done to accommodate the preferment rules. In the presence of reluctant quantifiers (such as *?) sometimes “shorter” matches are preferred. However, for greedy quantifiers (such as *) “longer” matches are preferred. Using this technique of introducing a rank amongst the set of out transitions for an “imaginary” transition corresponding to the finality of a state (applies only to a final state), such decisions can be made in a manner consistent with the overall framework (and without having to special case the final state during runtime processing) that handles the preferment rules. The following is an invariant there will be only one start state and the start state does not have any incoming edges.

Several operators such as CONCATENATION, ALTERNATION, and various QUANTIFIERS (e.g., *, ?, +) may be used for one or a group of symbols. Examples of operators and quantifiers that may be used are described in “Pattern matching in sequences of rows (12)” document. These operators and quantifiers are handled in the recursion step in 904. For example, the CONCATENATION operator may be handled in the recursive step in the following manner. Consider an example R.S where R is the left regular expression and S is the right regular expression. Let F be the FSA corresponding to R and G be the FSA corresponding to S. Let Y be the set of final states in F. Let J be the start state of G. The FSA corresponding to the union of F and G may be called as H. Accordingly, all the out-transitions from state J in FSA G are copied to each state Y in FSA H. These new transitions are introduced to each state in Y at the position of its “finality” rank in the same order as they appeared in state J of FSA G (note that all states in Y were final in F and hence would have a “finality” rank in the order of their out transitions). Note that each state in Y remains final if and only if J was a final state in G. State J is then removed from H. Other operators such as ALTERNATION, GROUPING, and Quantifiers across groups may also handled individually in a similar manner.

Referring back to FIG. 9, all referenced aggregations are aggregated and “init” and “incr” evaluators for the aggregations and their corresponding input expressions are prepared (step 908). As part of processing every input and updating the bindings, the specified aggregations are also incrementally maintained. These aggregations are stored along with the bindings. For example, suppose there is a reference to sum(B.c1) (where this could be referenced in one of the DEFINE predicates or the MEASURES clause), then this would be dependent on the binding. For a binding with (A=1, B=2, B=3), sum(B.c1) would be 2+3=5 while for another binding (A=1, B=2) sum(B.c1)=2. Init and Incr evaluators are mechanisms used to initialize the aggregations when a binding is newly created and to incrementally maintain the aggregation as the binding is “grown”.

Evaluators are then prepared for each of the defined predicates (e.g., predicates specified by the DEFINE clause in a query) (step 910). Evaluators are also prepared for the expressions in the MEASURES clause (step 912). These evaluators are the mechanism used to evaluate a DEFINE predicate to determine the set of symbols that an input event corresponds to. For Class B patterns, this is done in the context of the binding, i.e., for a binding b1, the same input may evaluate to a symbol A while for binding b2, it may evaluate to B.

The FSA constructed as described above and depicted in FIG. 9 may then be used to guide detection of Class B patterns in input event streams during runtime processing. In one embodiment, the FSA constructed at compile time is used as a guide to indicate how much of the specified pattern has matched at any point in time. As with Class A patterns, bindings are also used to capture the partial or full match states at any point in time during the runtime processing. As previously indicated, a binding can be thought of as an assignment of contiguous events to symbols that corresponds to a partial or full match that satisfies all the DEFINE predicates.

The runtime pattern matching processing may be explained using the following definitions. Consider a situation where an input tuple or event i has been processed and an input tuple or event (i+1) is to be processed. A binding after processing of e(i) may be in one of following three disjoint states:

(1) Partial Active (PA) state—binding not in a final state. A binding is in this state if it represents a binding that is not in a final state but has to potential of growing into a full match;

(2) Only Matched but unsure (MU) state—binding in a final state with no out-transitions (i.e., no transitions to another state or the same final state); or

(3) Both active and matched but unsure state (AMU)—binding in a final state with out-transitions to another or the same final state.

Further, let AB be the set of active bindings (i.e., bindings in states PA and AMU).

Let FB be the set of final bindings (i.e., bindings in states MU and AMU)

Let AFB=AB union FB

Let AFBL be an ordered list of bindings from set AFB in decreasing order of preferment. (It may be noted that preferment rules may be defined not only for bindings in FB but for all bindings.)

Derived bindings may also be defined. Consider a binding b1 in AB after event i has been processed. Now suppose on processing event (i+1), this binding can be “grown” to bd1, bd2, . . . bdk. Then all these bindings are considered to be derived from b1.

Based upon the above definitions, the following observations/invariants may be made.

(1) The “last” event (by event sequence number) in every binding in AB is the same and is event i.

(2) For every pair of bindings fb1, fb2 in FB, INT(fb1) and INT(fb2) do not intersect.

(3) For every binding fb in FB, there exists a binding ab in AB such that ab==fb OR ab!=fb and ab is preferred to fb as per preferment rules.

(4) Consider distinct bindings fb in FB, ab in AB. If fb is preferred to ab as per preferment rules, then INT(ab) does not intersect with INT(fb).

(5) Suppose bd1 is derived from b1 and bd2 is derived from b2. Then bd1 is preferred to bd2 iff b1 is preferred to b2.

Based on the above, the following invariants also hold:

(1) If list AFBL is not empty, then the first binding in the list AFBL is in AB (follows from 3 above); and

(2) If there was a binding that moved into set FB for the first time during processing event i, and if it is still in FB, then this is the last binding in the list AFBL (follows from 1, 2, 4 above).

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict a simplified flowchart 1000 depicting runtime processing performed for detecting a Class B pattern in an input event stream according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method may be performed by software (program, code, instructions executed by a processor), in hardware, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the processing is performed by matcher 116 depicted in FIG. 1. The method depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B show processing that is performed upon receiving an event e_(i+1).

As depicted in FIG. 10A, processing is initiated upon receiving an event e_(i+1) (step 1001). A new list of bindings NEW_AFBL is initialized to an empty list (step 1002). The AFBL list is accessed (step 1004). As described above, the AFBL list is an ordered list of bindings from set AFB in decreasing order of preferment, wherein the set AFB is a union of bindings in set AB (the set of active bindings (i.e., bindings in states PA and AMU)) and bindings in set FB (the set of final bindings (i.e., bindings in states MU and AMU)).

Bindings are then iteratively selected from list AFBL in decreasing order of preferment and processing according to steps 1006, 1008, 1010, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1020, and 1022. A binding from list AFBL is selected in decreasing order of preferment (step 1006). The binding selected in step 1006 will be referred to as binding “b”. A check is then made to see if b is in AB (step 1008). If binding b is determined to not be in AB, then binding b is inserted into list NEW_AFBL (step 1010). Processing then continues with step 1022.

If it is determined in 1008 that b is in AB, then ALPHA is set to the symbols that are matched by event e_(i+1) (step 1012). The symbols in ALPHA are then selected iteratively in order of the out-transitions on the corresponding state of the FSA and processed according to steps 1014, 1016, 1017, 1018, and 1020. A symbol is selected from ALPHA for processing (step 1014). The symbol selected in 1014 will be referred to as symbol “a”. A check is then made to see if there is a binding ba gotten by applying symbol a on binding b (step 1016). If such a binding ba exists then the binding ba is inserted into list NEW_AFBL (step 1017). Further, if ba is moving into FB for the first time then newFinal(ba) is set to TRUE (step 1018). This is to identify whether in this iteration there is a binding that has moved into a final state. This means that all bindings that would be created following this need not be considered (hence need not be inserted into NEW_AFBL). Nothing is done if no such binding ba exists. A check is then done to see if all symbols in ALPHA have been processed (step 1020). If all symbols in ALPHA have not been processed, then processing continues with step 1014 wherein the next symbol that has not yet been processed is selected. Else processing continues with step 1022.

A check is then made to see if all bindings in AFBL have been processed (in decreasing order of preferment) (step 1022). If it is determined in 1022 that all bindings in AFBL have not been processed, then processing continues with step 1006 wherein another unprocessed binding is selected. If it is determined in 1022 that all bindings in AFBL have not been processed, then, in order to handle state Q0, new bindings are inserted into NEW_AFBL in appropriate order (step 1024). The order would correspond to iterating through the out-transitions of state Q0 in the order in which they appear in the FSA. The processing would correspond to b is in AB.

-   -   1. Let ALPHA be the alphabets that tuple (i+1) evaluates to for         the binding b     -   2. Iterate through the alphabets in ALPHA in order of their         occurrence in the out transitions of the current state of the         binding         -   1. Let a be the alphabet for this iteration         -   2. Insert binding ba got by applying alphabet a on binding b             into NEW_AFBL. Further if ba is moving into FB for this             first time then mark newFinal(ba)=true         -   3. If there is no such binding by applying alphabet a on             binding b then do nothing

The bindings in list NEW_AFBL are then processed. In order to facilitate the processing, a variable “delete_remaining” is set to FALSE and another variable “found_ab” is set to FALSE (step 1026). The bindings in list NEW_AFBL are processed according to steps 1028 onwards (1028 to 1054). A binding is selected from NEW_AFBL for processing (step 1028). The binding selected in 1028 will be referred to as b.

Processing is then performed based upon the state of the selected binding, whether it is MU, AMU, or PA. A check is performed to see if the state of the binding selected in 1028 is MU (step 1030). If the state of binding b is not MU, then processing continues with step 1042. If it is determined in 1030 that the state of the binding is MU, then if delete_remaining is TRUE then the binding b is deleted from NEW_AFBL (step 1032). Then, if newFinal(b) is TRUE, delete_remaining is set to TRUE (step 1034). Then, if found_ab is FALSE (i.e., !found_ab), then binding b is reported as a match and binding b is deleted from NEW_AFBL (step 1040).

A check is made to see if the state of binding b selected in 1028 is AMU (step 1042). If the state of binding b is not AMU, then processing continues with step 1050. If it is determined in 1042 that the state of the binding is AMU, then if delete_remaining is FALSE (i.e., !delete_remaining) and newFinal(b) is true, then delete_remaining is set to TRUE (step 1044). Else, if delete_remaining is TRUE then binding b is deleted from NEW_AFBL (step 1046). The variable found_ab is then set to TRUE (step 1048).

If the state of binding b is neither MU nor AMU, then the state of b is PA. In such a case, if delete_remaining is set to TRUE then binding b is deleted from NEW_AFBL (step 1050). The variable found_ab is set to TRUE (step 1052). Processing then continues with step 1054.

A check is then made to see if all bindings in list NEW_AFBL have been processed (step 1054). If all bindings in NEW_AFBL are determined to have been processed then the processing ends, else processing continues with step 1028 wherein a new binding is selected for processing.

At the end of processing of event e_(i+1), it can be verified that the seven invariants listed above hold. It should be noted that the method depicted in FIG. 10 and described above may also be used for detecting Class A, including Class A simple recurring patterns, since these patterns are just a subclass of the general Class B patterns. The method depicted in FIG. 10 and described above may be implemented with two separate lists: i) Partial Active PA and ii) Both active and Matched but unsure list AMU. In one embodiment, rather than have a single AFB list, it is also possible to have two lists—AB and FB.

Output Ordering for Partition by Support for Patterns

In an embodiment of the present invention, an input event stream may be partitioned into multiple different streams based for example upon a symbol. The pattern matching techniques described above may, then, be applied over each sub-stream. In this scenario, a query comprising a regular expression is compiled into a PLAN that is then used at runtime processing for detecting the pattern over the partitioned multiple streams. The compilation process comprises building an FSA for the regular expression. This may involve building a base FSA for each symbol and then combining the FSAs to form a single FSA, which is then used at runtime processing.

The following SQL query provides an example of how an input event stream may be partitioned using a symbol, and pattern matching may then be applied over each sub-stream.

create query double_bottom as select symbol, start_price, end_price from Ticker MATCH_RECOGNIZE (      PARTITION BY symbol      MEASURES         A.symbol    as symbol,         A.price     as start_price,         LAST(Z.price) as end_price      PATTERN (A W+ X+ Y+ Z+)      DEFINE          W as (W.price < PREV(W.price)),          X as (X.price > PREV(X.price)),          Y as (Y.price < PREV(Y.price)),          Z as (Z.price > PREV(Z.price)) )

The complex pattern that this query specifies is what is known as a “double bottom” or “W” shaped pattern. The requirement is to match non-overlapping maximal “W” patterns and from all the events constituting a match, output a single event corresponding to the match that reports the symbol, the price at the beginning of the fall and the price at the end of the last rise.

The following definitions are used to describe the pattern matching processing:

1) ReadyToOutputList—This list contains all the potential output bindings in the increasing order of output timestamp. These bindings are on hold because there exists an unsure binding with lesser output timestamp in some other partition.

The pattern matching process proceeds as follows:

(1) After processing the current input tuple, collect all the bindings in the current partition, which can be output and move them to ReadyToOutputList.

(2) Get minimum matched timestamp (minMatchedTs) of all the unsure bindings of all the partitions.

(3) Emit all the bindings in the ReadyToOutputList whose matched timestamp is less than minMatchedTs.

The processing described above ensures that ready to output bindings are on hold until all the potential output bindings (unsure bindings) whose matched timestamp is less than the ready to output bindings either become ready to output or cannot be developed further.

Responsibility of pattern processor is to output the matched events in order of time. In one partition there may be a match ready for output and in another partition there is a match that is being held back by preferment.

As described above, extensions are provided to SQL that transform SQL into a rich expressive language for performing pattern matching using regular expressions. The extensions enhance the ability of SQL to support pattern matching on events. Extensions to support or model regular expression-based pattern matching on event streams may also be provided for other programming languages.

Pattern matching using regular expressions over continuously arriving events of an event stream, as described above, has wide applicability in various fields and applications. Examples include financial services, RFID based applications such as inventory management, click stream analysis applications, electronic health systems, and the like. For example, in financial services, a trader may use the pattern matching techniques described above to identify trends in the stock market based upon a stream of incoming ticker stock prices. As another example, in RFID-based tracking and monitoring, the pattern matching techniques described above may be used to track valid paths of shipments and detect anomalies.

While embodiments of the present invention have been described above with respect to Class A and Class B patterns, in alternative embodiments various different types of patterns may be recognized and processed accordingly. For a particular class of pattern that is detected, an embodiment of the present invention is configured to select and apply a pattern matching technique that is appropriate for that type of pattern. In this manner, embodiments of the present invention optimize and increase the efficiency of pattern matching performed over event streams.

Automaton Construction

This section describes techniques for constructing a nondeterministic finite state automata (NFSA) given a regular expression used to express a pattern to be recognized according to an embodiment of the present invention. Description is provided for generating an NFSA for a basic regular expression such as ‘A’. Description is then provided for the necessary transformations for each of the regular expression operators such as Concatenation, Alternation, Greedy Quantifiers—‘*’,‘+’,‘?’ and Lazy Quantifiers—‘*?’,‘+?’,‘??’.

In one embodiment, a regular expression is maintained in a tree representation (which is actually a unique parse tree for that regular expression) constructed by taking into account the precedence and associativity of regular expression operators. Like most algorithms operating on tree data structure, the process of construction of NFSA given a regular expression in tree form is also recursive in nature. A standard NFSA is constructed for basic regular expression that is nothing but a single correlation variable and then gradually the entire NFSA is built by applying the transformations for different operators involved.

(a) Machine for a Basic Regular Expression

A basic regular expression is simply a single correlation variable e.g. A. The machine for this basic regular expression consists of two states: 0 and 1.

State 0: This is the start state and it has a transition going to state 1 on encountering the alphabet A in the input.

State 1: This is the final state and has one transition going to “undefined” state (state number—1) on the alphabet “Final” (indicated by F in FIGS. 11A-11I).

A state diagram for a single correlation variable e.g. ‘A’ is shown in FIG. 11A. In FIGS. 11A-11I, a rectangular box below the state shows the <alphabet, dest state> pairs (transitions) of that state in the decreasing order of preference.

(b) Concatenation Operator (.)

The concatenation operator is a binary operator. First, the NFSA for the left and right operands are obtained and then merged to get the NFSA for the concatenated regular expression.

Let ‘L’—number of states in left operand NFSA

‘R’—number of states in right operand NFSA

The start state of right NFSA is not considered and so the number of states in the merged NFSA is L+R−1. Also the states are numbered 0 through L+R−2.

The steps for merging the two NFSAs are as follows:

(1) For every state ‘S’ in the left NFSA

-   -   Copy all the transitions (<alphabet, destination state> pairs)         of ‘S’ to the corresponding state of merged NFSA.         (2) For every final state of left NFSA     -   In the corresponding state of merged NFSA, add all the start         state transitions of right NFSA, in the order in which they         appear, at a position, where ‘Final’ transition appears for that         state. In the process that ‘Final’ transition is removed.     -   If the start state of right NFSA is final (i.e. the language of         the right regular expression accepts ‘ε’) then make this state         of merged NFSA a final state.         (3) For every state ‘S’ of right NFSA except the start state     -   Copy the transitions of state ‘S’ to the state ‘S+L−1’ of the         merged NFSA incrementing the destination state field by L−1.     -   Make the state ‘S+L−1’ of merged NFSA final, if the state ‘S’ of         right NFSA is final.         FIG. 11B depicts how the state diagram of ‘AB’ is obtained from         the state diagrams of ‘A’ and ‘B’ by following the above         technique.         (c) Alternation Operator (|)

The alternation operator is a binary operator. First, the NFSA for the left and right regular expressions are obtained and then join them together to get the NFSA for the complete regular expression.

Let ‘L’—number of states in left operand NFSA and

‘R’—number of states in right operand NFSA

In the joined NFSA, a new state is created for start state that has all the transitions of start states of left as well as right NFSA. We do away with the start states of left and right NFSA. So the number of states in the joined NFSA is L+R−1. Also the states are numbered 0 through L+R−2.

The two NFSAs are joined as follows:

(1) For every state ‘S’ in the left NFSA

-   -   Copy all the transitions (<alphabet, destination state> pairs)         of ‘S’ to the corresponding state of joined NFSA.     -   Also mark the state ‘S’ of joined NFSA as final if state ‘S’ of         left NFSA is final.         (2) If start states of both left and right NFSA are final then     -   Append all the start state transitions of right NFSA excluding         the ‘Final’ transition, in the order in which they appear, to         the transitions of the start state of the joined NFSA. While         appending increment the destination state field by L−1.

Else

-   -   Append all the start state transitions of right NFSA, in the         order in which they appear, to the transitions of the start         state of the joined NFSA. While appending increment the         destination state field by L−1.     -   Make the start state of joined NFSA final, if the start state of         right NFSA is final.         3. For every state ‘S’ of right NFSA except the start state     -   Copy the transitions of state ‘S’ to the state ‘S+L−1’ of the         joined NFSA incrementing the destination state field by L−1.     -   Make the state ‘S+L−1’ of joined NFSA final, if the state ‘S’ of         right NFSA is final.

FIG. 11C depicts an example of how to get state diagram for (A|B) from state diagrams of alternation components.

(d) Quantifiers

Quantifiers that may be supported in a regular expression include greedy quantifiers (*, +, ?) and lazy (*?, +?, ??) quantifiers. These quantifiers can be applied over simple regular expressions like A, B, etc. or over complex regular expressions formed by applying ‘concatenation’ and/or ‘alternation’ over simple regular expressions e.g., (AB)*, (A|B)*, etc. Repeated applications of these quantifiers in any order is also allowed yielding regular expressions like (A*)?, (A*?B+C?)+, etc. In the techniques described below for handling quantifiers, a machine constructed for the unary operand (whether simple/complex) of the quantifier is first obtained and then the constructed NFSA is appropriately modified depending on the quantifier, as per the rules stated below.

(1) ‘*’ Quantifier (Greedy) Let P = R* Case 1 - L(R) does not contain epsilon Start state of R is Cannot be the case (since L(R) does not contain final epsilon) Start state of R is Make start state final and the rank of “final” is the not final lowest (do this start state processing last) Non-start final For each such state, copy over all start-state transitions states “final” and its predecessor. Then, for each duplicate transition, remove the between current lower ranked duplicate. (Here duplicate transition is one where alphabet and destination state are identical Case 2 - L(R) contains epsilon Start state of R is No change, leave it as is final Start state of R is Cannot be the case (since L(R) contains epsilon) not final Non-start final For each such state, copy over all start-state transitions states between current “final” and its predecessor. This includes the “final transition” from the start state. Remove the original “final transition” of this final state. Then, for each duplicate transition, remove the lower ranked duplicate. (Here duplicate transition is one where alphabet and destination state are identical)

FIG. 11D depicts an example of the state machine for ‘A*’ obtained by applying rules for ‘*’ over state machine for ‘A’.

(2) ‘+’ Quantifier (Greedy) Let P = R+ Case 1 - L(R) does not contain epsilon Start state of R Cannot be the case (since L(R) does not contain epsilon) is final Start state of R No change, leave it as is. is not final Non-start final For each such state, copy over all start-state transitions states between current “final” and its predecessor. Then, for each duplicate transition, remove the lower ranked duplicate. (Here duplicate transition is one where alphabet and destination state are identical) Case 2 - L(R) contains epsilon Start state of R No change, leave it as is is final Start state of R Cannot be the case (since L(R) contains epsilon) is not final Non-start final For each such state, copy over all start-state transitions states between current “final” and its predecessor. This includes the “final transition” from the start state. Remove the original “final transition” of this final state. Then, for each duplicate transition, remove the lower ranked duplicate. (Here duplicate transition is one where alphabet and destination state are identical

FIG. 11E depicts an example of the state machine for ‘A+’ obtained by applying rules for ‘+’ over the state machine for ‘A’.

(3) ‘?’ Quantifier (Greedy) Let P = R? Case 1 - L(R) does not contain epsilon Start state of R is final Cannot be the case (since L(R) does not contain epsilon) Start state of R is not Make the start state final and the rank of “final” final is the lowest. Non-start final states Nothing needs to be done Case 2 - L(R) contains epsilon Start state of R is final No change, leave it as is Start state of R is not Cannot be the case (since L(R) contains final epsilon) Non-start final states Nothing needs to be done.

FIG. 11F depicts an example of the state machine for ‘A?’ obtained by applying rules for ‘?’ over state machine for ‘A’.

(4) ‘*?’ quantifier (Lazy) Let P = R*? Case 1 - L(R) does not contain epsilon Start state Cannot be the case (since L(R) does not contain epsilon) of R is final Start state of Make the start state final and the rank of “final” is first R is not final (do this processing last) (Since epsilon is to be given more preference over any non-empty string, rank of final is first). Non-start For each such state, copy all start state transitions between final states current ‘final’ and its immediate successor. Then for each duplicate transition, remove the lower ranked duplicate Case 2 - L(R) contains epsilon Start state Remove the original ‘final’ transition and put it in the first of R is final place. (Since epsilon is to be given more preference over any non-empty string, rank of final is first) Start state of Cannot be the case (since L(R) contains epsilon) R is not final Non-start For each such state, copy all start state transitions between final states current “final” and its immediate successor. No need to include the “final transition” from the start state. Then, for each duplicate transition, remove the lower ranked duplicate.

FIG. 11G depicts an example of the state machine for ‘A*?’ obtained by applying the rules for ‘*?’ over state machine for ‘A’.

(5) ‘+?’ Quantifier (Lazy) Let P = R+? Case 1 - L(R) does not contain epsilon Start state Cannot be the case (since L(R) does not contain epsilon) of R is final Start state of No change, leave it as is. R is not final Non-start For each such state, copy all start state transitions between final states current ‘final’ and its immediate successor. Then for each duplicate transition, remove the lower ranked duplicate. Case 2 - L(R) contains epsilon Start state No change, leave it as is. (No change in preference of of R is final epsilon needed here) Start state of Cannot be the case (since L(R) contains epsilon) R is not final Non-start For each such state, copy all start state transitions between final states current “final” and its immediate successor. No need to include the “final transition” from the start state. Then, for each duplicate transition, remove the lower ranked duplicate.

FIG. 11H depicts an example of a state machine for ‘A+?’ obtained by applying the rules for ‘+?’ over state machine for ‘A’.

(6) ‘??’ Quantifier (Lazy) Let P = R?? Case 1 - L(R) does not contain epsilon Start state of Cannot be the case (since L(R) does not contain epsilon) R is final Start state of Make the start state ‘final’ and rank of ‘final’ is first. (Since R is not final epsilon is to be given more preference over any non-empty string rank of final is first) Non-start Nothing needs to be done final states Case 2 - L(R) contains epsilon Start state Remove the original final transition and put it in the first of R is final place. (Since epsilon is to be given more preference over any non-empty string, rank of final is first) Start state of Cannot be the case (since L(R) contains epsilon) R is not final Non-start Nothing needs to be done final states

FIG. 11I depicts an example of a state machine for ‘??’ obtained by applying rules for ‘??’ over state machine for ‘A’.

EXAMPLE

This section provides an example of constructing an NFSA based upon the rules described above. Consider a regular expression “(A? B*|C*?)+”. Here ‘+’ is applied over the expression in brackets. The expression inside brackets has two alternation components: ‘A? B*’ and ‘C*?’. The first one of these components is concatenation of ‘A?’ and ‘B*’. The process of constructing a state machine for this regular expression is as follows:

(1) The state machine for first alternation component ‘A? B*’ is obtained by applying rules of concatenation operator on the state machines for ‘A?’ and ‘B*’. This is shown in FIG. 12A.

(2) The state diagram for second alternation component ‘C*?’ is shown in FIG. 12B.

(3) The rules of alternation operator are applied on state machines of the two components to get the state machine for ‘(A?B*|C*?)’, as shown in FIG. 12C.

(4) Finally, the rules for ‘+’ quantifier on the state machine obtained in last step are applied to get the state machine for complete regular expression, as shown in FIG. 12D.

Analysis of Technique for Constructing NFSA

Let ‘N’ be the number of alphabets in the regular expression and ‘S’ be the number of states in the state diagram of that regular expression constructed by using the algorithms described in this document. Then S=N+1 always, which means S is linear in ‘N’. This can be proven using the principle of induction as follows:

(1) Basic case: When N=1, (single correlation variable case) the number of states is two. So S=N+1 holds.

(2) Assumption: Let S=N+1 holds for all N<=K.

(3) Induction Step: To Prove for N=K+1, we have the following cases:

-   Concatenation: State diagram of regular expression with ‘n1’     variables is joined by using concatenation to another state diagram     of regular expression with ‘n2’ variables where n1 and n2 both <=K,     then the number of states in resultant state diagram is:

S=S1+S2−1 (since the initial state of second NFSA is removed in the process)

Where S1—number of states in first NFSA=n1+1 (follows from step 2)

-   -   S2—number of states in the second NFSA=n2+1 (follows from step         2)

Therefore, S=n1+1+n2+1−1=n1+n2+1=N+1 since N=n1+n2.

-   Alternation: State diagram of regular expression with ‘n1’ variables     is joined by using alternation to another state diagram of regular     expression with ‘n2’ variables where n1 and n2 both <=K, then the     number of states in resultant state diagram is:     -   S=S1+S2−1 (since the initial states of both NFSA are removed in         the process and a new initial state is added)

Where S1—number of states in first NFSA=n1+1 (follows from step 2)

-   -   S2—number of states in the second NFSA=n2+1 (follows from step         2).

Therefore, S=n1+1+n2+1−1=n1+n2+1=N+1 since N=n1+n2.

Quantifiers: Algorithms for quantifiers don't change the number of states.

So in all cases S=N+1 is proved. Hence the number of states is linear in N.

The worst case bound on the number of transitions (M) is

M=number of alphabets (N)* number of states (S).

This follows easily from the following invariant, there can be at most one transition for a given <state, alphabet> pair.

So in the worst case, every state will have one transition on every alphabet.

M=N*S=N*(N+1)=O(N^2).

So in the worst case, M is quadratic in N.

Detection of Non-Occurrences of Events

In the embodiments described above, pattern matching processing is performed during runtime upon receiving an event. Accordingly, the pattern matching described above is based upon the arrival of events in a data stream. There are several situations across different industry domains where there is a need to detect that a specific event has NOT happened within a time period following the occurrence of another event. In other words, in such situations it is important to detect the non-occurrence of an event within a time period following the occurrence of another event. These use cases may be referred to as “non-event” detection use cases.

For example, in an airline baggage check-in application, the application may be required to detect situations where a passenger's bag has not been scanned within a certain period of time (e.g., 5 minutes) following the passenger's check-in. Non detection of a bag scan within the time period after a passenger's check-in may indicate a potential lost bag scenario. Early detection of such situations allows the airline company time to react and take actions to resolve a missed bag situation.

The pattern matching techniques discussed above may be used to detect such non-occurrences. For example, pattern matching module 110 may be configured to detect such non-occurrences. In one embodiment, language extensions are provided to a language (such as CQL) that enable a user to formulate queries for detection of non-occurrences of events using that language. One language extension may enable a user to specify in the query that the query is for detection of non-occurrences of events. Another language extension may enable the user to specify a time period during which the non-occurrence is to be monitored. For purposes of the description below, the event that starts the time period within which non-occurrence of an event is to be detected will be referred to below as the “trigger event” since it triggers that start of the time period. The event whose non-occurrence is to be monitored during the time period will be referred to as a “non-event”.

FIG. 13 depicts an example of a query 1300 that may be used to detect the non-occurrence of an event within a time period following the occurrence of another event according to an embodiment of the present invention. Query 1300 depicted in FIG. 13 is merely an example of a query that may be used and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as recited in the claims. Other queries may be used in alternative embodiments.

As depicted in FIG. 13, query 1300 comprises a new language extension “INCLUDE TIMER EVENTS” clause 1304 that indicates that query 1300 is a special query for detecting non-occurrence of an event within a time period following the occurrence of another event. Pattern 1302 may be used to specify the trigger event. Another new language extension “DURATION” clause 1306 enables a user to specify the time period after the occurrence of a trigger event within which non-occurrence of a non-event is to be monitored. One or more actions may be performed upon the detection of non-occurrence of the non-event within the defined time period. Various different types of actions may be performed such as raising an alert, preventative actions, and others.

In the example depicted in FIG. 13, “baggageCheckIn_u_baggageTracking” is an input stream being analyzed. This input stream may comprise events of different types including an event that indicates a passenger check-in (cType=0) and an event that indicates a baggage scan (cType=1) following a check-in. In query 1300, the pattern 1302 comprises two symbols A and B. The condition or predicate for symbol A is defined such that event A occurs when a check-in event (cType=0) is received in the data stream. Accordingly, symbol A matches a check-in event. B* matches all events other than the required baggage scan, i.e., it is used to ignore all irrelevant events relative to the bag in question. Now, this pattern will match (i.e., the automaton for this pattern will transition to a final state) 5 minutes following the occurrence of the check-in event unless the corresponding baggage scan occurs prior to this. A pattern match in this context corresponds to raising an alert signaling a potential missed bag situation.

As with previously described queries, at compile time, an FSA is constructed for query 1300 and the constructed FSA then used to guide the pattern matching during runtime processing. The FSA is constructed as previously described for Class A and Class B patterns with some additional processing as depicted in FIG. 14. FIG. 14 depicts a simplified flowchart 1400 depicting additional processing performed at compile time for a query for detecting non-occurrences according to an embodiment of the present invention. The processing depicted in FIG. 14 may be performed by software (e.g., code, program, instructions) executed by a processor, in hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium.

As depicted in FIG. 14, determination is made whether the query is one for detecting non-occurrences of a non-event (step 1402). In one embodiment, automaton-generator 114 may determine this based upon the presence or absence of a special language extension clause (e.g., the “INCLUDE TIMER EVENTS” clause in the query). As part of 1402, the input query may be processed to determine the existence of the INCLUDE TIMER EVENTS clause. If such a clause is detected in 1402, then a new variable or symbol (e.g., ‘#’) is introduced into the pattern specified by the query (step 1404). The ‘#’ symbol represents timer events. In one embodiment, the original pattern specified in the query is modified by suffixing a ‘#’ symbol to the pattern. For example, the original “AB*” pattern in FIG. 13 is modified to “AB*#”. This may be done internally by pattern matching module 110. The user or system providing the query need not be aware of this modification. The modified pattern is then treated as a Class B pattern and an FSA is constructed for the modified pattern using the techniques described above for Class B patterns (step 1406). The FSA constructed in 1406 is then used during runtime to guide the detection of non-occurrences of a specific event within a time period following the occurrence of the trigger event. If it is determined in 1402 that the query is not one for detecting non-occurrences, then processing proceeds for construction of a FSA as described above for Class A or Class B patterns (step 1408).

As described above, the newly inserted symbol represents a timer event. Unlike the processing described above for Class A and Class B where the arrival of an event triggers the pattern matching analysis and triggers state transitions in an FSA, in case of detection of non-occurrences, the passage of time may also trigger a transition of the FSA to a final state and thus cause an action to be performed. This time-based transition is represented by the ‘#’ symbol.

There are different ways in which the passage of time may be detected by pattern matching module 110. In one embodiment, as events are received in the data stream, the timestamps associated with the events are used to detect the passage of time. As previously described, the timestamps associated with events in a data stream may reflect an application's notion of time. For example, the timestamp may be set by an application on the system receiving an event stream or alternatively the timestamp associated with an event may correspond to the time of the application sending the data events. In either scenario, the timestamps associated with events may be used to determine passage of time. For example, a trigger event e₁ (e.g., check-in) may have an associated time stamp of t=3. If the time duration for which non-occurrence is to be detected is t=5, then an alert is to be raised if the bag scan event does not arrive within t=(3+5), i.e., before t=8. In this scenario, if an event is received in the data stream with an associated time stamp of t=10, pattern matching module 110 infers the passage of time to t=10, i.e., it denotes a passage of time beyond t=8 and that the non-event has not occurred in the specified time period. In this manner, time stamps associated with events received after the trigger event may be used to determine the passage of time, and thus used to determine non-occurrence of a non-event within the specified time period after the occurrence of a trigger event.

In addition to timestamps associated with events, a heartbeat event (or heartbeat) may also be used to determine the passage of time. The heartbeat may be generated by the event processing server based upon a clock of the event processing server or some other time or may be provided by the application. The heartbeat event may be periodically fed to pattern matching module 110 to indicate the passage of time. The heartbeat allows pattern matching module 110 to determine the passage of time without being reliant on the arrival of events in the data stream. This is especially useful when the arrival of events in a data stream is very intermittent and cannot be relied on to determine passage of time. For example, when a data stream goes silent or has not received an event for a certain period of time, pattern matching module 110 may use the heartbeat information to determine passage of time.

The runtime processing performed for detecting non-occurrences generally follows the runtime processing performed for detecting presence of Class B patterns as described above with additional processing performed to handle timer events. FIG. 15 depicts a simplified flowchart 1500 depicting processing for detecting non-occurrences according to an embodiment of the present invention. The processing depicted in FIG. 1500 may be performed by software (e.g., code, program, instructions) executed by a processor, in hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium. It should be noted that there may be several active bindings present when an input is received. The processing in FIG. 15 and described below would be applied to all these bindings.

As depicted in FIG. 15, a new input is received (step 1502). The new input may be an actual event received in the data stream or a heartbeat event. A list of active bindings BINDING_LIST is then accessed (step 1504). In one embodiment, the bindings in the BINDING_LIST are sorted in non-decreasing order based upon the target times associated with the bindings in the list. Accordingly, in the sorted BINDING_LIST, the top element in the list is a binding with the least associated value of target time.

A target time associated with a binding is defined as the time of the first element of the binding plus the duration specified in the query. The first element is the triggering event. For example, in the “AB*” example of FIG. 13, the event matching symbol “A” would be the first event or trigger event. The trigger event is the event that results in the construction of a new binding (see 1524 below) (as opposed to other events, the B's in the AB* example, that result in “growing” an existing binding but not creating a new binding). As an example, if the time of the first element (the trigger element) is t=1, and the time duration is t=5 units, then the target time associated with the active binding is t=6. For example, if the active binding is for AB*#, then the target time is the time of event A plus the time duration.

The top element (i.e., the binding with the least associated target time) is then selected from BINDING_LIST and referred to as binding B (step 1506). A check is then made to see if B is null (step 1508). If B is determined to be null then processing continues with step 1524 described below. If B is determined not to be null, then a check is made to see if the input time (i.e., the time associated with the input received in 1502) is greater than or equal to the target time associated with binding B (step 1510). If it is determined in 1510 that the input time is greater than or equal to the target time associated with binding B, then it is inferred that the time period has elapsed without the occurrence of the event in the context of binding B. i.e., a non-occurrence is detected in the context of binding B. In this situation, it is assumed that a heartbeat event is received at target time associated with binding B that moves the FSA to the final state due to the special symbol # being matched (step 1512). Processing is then performed according to usual Class B processing corresponding to the heartbeat at target time associated with binding B (step 1514). As part of the processing in 1514, an action may be performed such as outputting an alert indicating the non-occurrence of an event in the context of binding B. The timestamp associated with the output event (indicating non-event) is the target time for binding B. As part of the processing in 1514, the current binding B is removed from BINDING_LIST since it was output.

The next unprocessed binding from BINDING_LIST is then selected and referred to as binding B (step 1518). Processing then continues with 1508.

Referring back to step 1510, if it is determined that the input time is not greater than or equal to the target time associated with binding B (i.e., the input time is less than the target time), then a check is made to see if the input is a heartbeat event (step 1520). If it is determined that the input event received in 1502 is a heartbeat, then no further processing is needed and processing ends. If the input event is not a heartbeat event then the input event is treated as the data event received at the input time and usual Class B processing is performed to determine if any correlation variable predicates are matched by the input event in the context of binding B (step 1522). Processing then continues with step 1518.

Referring back to step 1508, if it is determined that B is null then a new binding is created if applicable (input matches alphabet out of start state). A target time is associated with the newly created binding, where the target time is the time of the first element of the new binding (i.e., the current input time) plus the duration specified in the query. The new binding is then inserted into the end of BINDING_LIST. Processing then ends.

For example, consider the AB* example of FIG. 13. Suppose A happens at t=1 and target time is t=6. Now, if a non-heartbeat input event “e” is next received is at t=10. In this case, there is only one active binding B. The “implicit/imaginary” heartbeat event at t=6 (with respect to binding B) moves the FSA to a final state (since target time in this case is t=6). There is a round of Class B processing at this time for processing the heartbeat event at t=6. Further Class B processing is then performed to see if the non-heartbeat (data) event with t=10 causes any predicates to be matched.

Although steps 1512 and 1514 are shown as separate steps in FIG. 15, the processing performed in these steps may be performed as part of the processing performing in step 1514.

The following depicts an example of a stream of events and the corresponding FSA states per the processing depicted in FIG. 15. The example is based upon the query depicted in FIG. 13. The FSA for the query is indicated by the following transition table, where Q0 is the starting state and Q3 is the final state.

Transition Table: Source State Symbol Destination State Q0 A Q1 Q1 B Q2 Q2 B Q2 Q2 # Q3 Q1 # Q3

As indicated in the transition table, when in the initial state Q0, if the input event matches A, then the FSA transitions from Q0 to Q1. In state Q1, when the input event matches B, then the FSA moves from Q1 to Q2. In state Q2, when the input event matches B, then the FSA remains in state Q2. In either state Q1 or Q2, upon the detection of a non-occurrence of an event, symbol # is matched, that forces the FSA to move to the final state Q3.

For purposes of this example, let the schema of the input stream baggageCheckIn_u_baggageTracking be baggageCheckIn_u_baggageTracking(ctype, reservationLocator, bagId, flightNumber, flightsegment)

Further, assume that the events on the data stream are:

Event e1=(0, p1, bag1, FL100, A-B) at t=1

Event e2=(0, p2, bag2, FL100, A-B) at t=2

Event e3=(1, p2, bag2, FL100, A-B) at t=3

Event e4=(0, p3, bag3, FL100, A-B) at t=4

Event e5=(0, p4, bag4, FL100, A-B) at t=15

The following depicts that processing that happens at runtime:

Before receiving any events there are no bindings.

(1) Event e1=(0, p1, bag1, FL100, A-B) at t=1

A new binding b1 is created where b1=(A=e1, target_time=6), state=Q1.

(2) Event e2=(0, p2, bag2, FL100, A-B) at t=2

For binding b1, the input time is less than the target time (per 1510), so b1 becomes b1=(A=e1,

-   B=e2, target_time=6), state=Q2.     Also since it is ALL MATCHES, a new binding b2 is created with     b2=(A=e2, target_time=7), state=Q1.     (3) Event e3=(1, p2, bag2, FL100, A-B) at t=3     For binding b11, the input time is less than the target time (per     1510), so b1 becomes b1=(A=e1,B=e2,B=e3, target_time=6), state=Q2.     For binding b2, the input time is less than the target time (per     1510), however the event does not match symbol B, hence binding b2     is destroyed since it cannot be grown further. Note that this     corresponds to passenger p2's bag being scanned within 5 time units     of his checkin (p2's check in event was e2).     (4) Event e4=(0, p3, bag3, FL100, A-B) at t=4     For binding b1, the input time is less than the target time (per     1510), so b1 becomes, b1=(A=e1,B=e2,B=e3,B=e4 target_time=6),     state=Q2.     Also new binding b3 is created with b3=(A=e4,target_time=9)     state=Q1.     (5) Event e5=(0, p4, bag4, FL100, A-B) at t=15     For binding b1, the input time is no longer less than the target     time (per 1510), so the event is first treated as a heartbeat at t=6     (per 1512).     Now, b1=(A=e1,B=e2,B=e3,B=e4, #=e5′ target_time=6), state=Q3 where     e5′ is the heartbeat inferred from event e5 at t=6. Since Q3 is     final state, the non-event corresponding to missed bag scan for     passenger p1's bag bag1 is reported.     But, there is another binding b3 and for binding b3, the input time     is not less than the target time (per 1510), so first treat as     heartbeat at t=9 (per 1512).     Now, b3=(A=e4,#=e5″ target_time=9) state=Q3 where e5″ is the     heartbeat inferred from event e5 at t=9. Since Q3 is final state,     the non-event corresponding to missed bag scan for passenger p3's     bag bag3 is reported.     A new binding b4 is created and b4=(A=e5, target_time=20) state=Q1

In the manner described above, embodiments of the present invention provide language extensions to a querying language such as CQL that enable a user to formulate queries that cause pattern matching module 110 to detect non-occurrences of events for a time period after the occurrence of a trigger event. Various different queries for various different use cases may be formulated using the language extensions. During runtime processing, the pattern specified in the query is modified by suffixing a special symbol (e.g., ‘#’) to the pattern. The ‘#’ symbol represents timer events. An FSA is then built for the modified pattern and used during runtime to guide detection of non-occurrences of non-events.

While the description above has described detecting the non-occurrence of an event within a certain time period following occurrence of another event, the teachings described above may also be applied to detecting non-occurrence of an event within a time period following the occurrence of a pattern of events. Further, the teachings described above may also be applied to detecting non-occurrence of a pattern of events within a time period following the occurrence of a pattern of events or the occurrence of an event.

In the context of non-event detection, the processing in the case with the PARTITION BY clause is by and large very similar to the case where there is no PARTITION BY clause except for the following differences:

(1) The set of bindings when input time>=target time, independent of which partition the binding is associated with, are processed first as per steps 1512, 1514.

(2) However when input time is less than the target time, only those bindings that belong to the same partition as the current input are considered. Of course, only case 1 above applies (and this case does not apply) if current event is a heartbeat since a heartbeat is not associated with any specific partition.

In one embodiment, to implement the above, the following two sets of data structures are used:

(1) A global linked list containing bindings from all partitions sorted in non-decreasing order of target time.

(2) A HashTable that is indexed on the partition key. The value for each partition key is the list of all bindings associated with that particular partition.

In the case where there is no PARTITION BY clause, only the first data structure is present (this is referred to in FIG. 15 and the description above as BINDING_LIST). The second is not required (does not make sense since there is no partition key since there is no PARTITION BY clause).

Detection of Recurring Non-Occurrences of an Event

As described above, there is a need in several applications to detect the non-occurrence of an event within a time period following the occurrence of another event. In yet other applications, there is a need to detect recurring instances of such a non-occurrence. These situations may be referred to as “recurring non-event” detection use cases. In these situations, the non-occurrence of a specific event within a time period is to be detected where the time period gets incremented until the occurrence of another event or some stoppage condition is met. It should be noted that the detection of such recurring non-occurrences is not a simple application of multiple detections of non-occurrences described above.

For example, consider a flight monitoring application. The requirement in such an application may be to prompt EVERY 5 minutes after a flight's scheduled departure time has passed until the time the flight actually takes off. Such a prompting system may be used by the airport authorities to monitor flight delays and to initiate actions for addressing the causes for the delay.

As with detection of a single non-occurrence (described above), in the detection of recurring non-occurrences, the occurrence of a trigger events starts the first time period during which the non-occurrence of a specific event is to be detected. In the above example, the trigger event is the changing of the flight status to FLIGHT DEPARTURE. The trigger event initiates the first timer period of a series of recurring time periods in sequence. The non-occurrence of the FLIGHT TAKE OFF is detected for each time period in the recurring series of time periods. If the non-occurrence of the specified event is detected during a time period then an action, such as an alert, may be taken at the end of that time period (e.g., a prompt every 5 minutes in the above example). The recurring time periods continue until a stoppage condition is met. The stoppage condition may be the occurrence of the specific event, the occurrence of some other event, after the recurrence had occurred for a certain number of times, etc. In this manner, the recurring non-occurrence of a specified event is detected.

The pattern matching techniques discussed above may be used to detect such recurring non-occurrences. For example, pattern matching module 110 may be configured to detect such recurring non-occurrences. In one embodiment, language extensions are provided to a language (e.g., to CQL) that enable a user to formulate queries for detection of recurrences of non-occurrences of events using that language. One language extension may enable a user to specify in the query that the query is for detection of non-occurrences of events. Another language extension may enable the user to specify a length of the time period the frequency of recurrence of the time period during which the non-occurrences are to be detected.

FIG. 16 depicts an example of a query 1600 that may be used to detect recurring non-occurrences of an event according to an embodiment of the present invention. Query 1600 depicted in FIG. 16 is merely an example of a query that may be used and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as recited in the claims. Other queries may be used in alternative embodiments.

Query 1600 models the delayed flight example discussed above. As depicted in FIG. 16, query 1600 comprises a new language extension “INCLUDE TIMER EVENTS” clause 1604 that indicates that query 1600 is a special query for detecting non-occurrence of an event. Pattern 1602 may be used to specify the trigger event. Another new language extension “DURATION MULTIPLES OF” clause 1606 enables a user to specify a length of a time period and the recurring frequency of the time period after the occurrence of a trigger event within which non-occurrence of a specific event is to be detected. For each time period in the recurring sequence of time periods, one or more actions may be performed upon the detection of a non-occurrence of the specific event within that time period. Various different types of actions may be performed such as raising an alert, preventative actions, and others.

In the example depicted in FIG. 16, “Flight_departure_takeoff_stream” is an input stream comprising events including “flights departure announced” and “flight take off” events. In query 1600, the symbol A matches an event where the departure for the flight has been announced. The symbol B* matches all events other than the flight takeoff event for the flight in question. Now, pattern 1606 will match EVERY 5 minutes following the event of the flight departure announcement until the flight takeoff event arrives. In this example, the flight takeoff event is the stoppage condition. A pattern match (i.e., detection of non-occurrence of an event) in this context may take an action such as alerting the concerned authority to take necessary action arising due to delay in the flight takeoff. In the above, example, the stoppage condition is the occurrence of the flight takeoff event, which is also the event whose non-occurrence is being detected.

As described above for detection of non-occurrence of an event, the passage of time may be determined based upon times associated with events received via the data stream and/or based upon a heartbeat. This is also the case for detecting recurring non-occurrences.

At compile time, an FSA is constructed for query 1600 and the constructed FSA then used to guide the pattern matching during runtime processing. The FSA is constructed as previously described for Class A and Class B patterns with some additional processing as depicted in FIG. 14 and describe above. As part of the processing, upon determining that the query is for detection of non-occurrences of an event (e.g., due to the presence of INCLUDE TIME EVENTS clause 1606 in the query), a special symbol (e.g., ‘#’) is introduced into the pattern specified by the query. For example, the original “AB*” pattern in FIG. 16 is modified to “AB*#”. The modified pattern is then treated as a Class B pattern and an FSA is constructed for the modified pattern using the techniques described above for Class B patterns. The constructed FSA is then used during runtime to guide the detection of recurring non-occurrences after the occurrence of a trigger event and until the stoppage condition is satisfied.

FIG. 17 depicts a simplified flowchart 1700 depicting processing for detecting recurring non-occurrences according to an embodiment of the present invention. The processing depicted in FIG. 1700 may be performed by software (e.g., code, program, instructions) executed by a processor, in hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium. It should be noted that there may be several active bindings present when an input is received. The processing in FIG. 17 and described below would be applied to these bindings.

Flowchart 1700 depicted in FIG. 17 is quite similar to flowchart 1500 depicted in FIG. 15 with step 1702 replacing step 1514 in FIG. 15. The other steps are as described above with respect to FIG. 15. In step 1702, processing is performed according to usual Class B processing corresponding to the heartbeat at target time associated with binding B. As part of the processing in 1702, an action may be performed such as outputting an alert indicating the non-occurrence of an event in the context of binding B. The timestamp associated with the output event (indicating non-event) is the target time for binding B. As part of the processing in 1702, the current binding B is removed from BINDING_LIST since it was output. Further, as part of the processing in 1702, a new binding is created based upon the binding that was output. An incremented target time is associated with the new binding, where the target time is the previous target time incremented by the period specified in the query. The new binding with the associated new target time is then inserted at the end of BINDING_LIST. Processing then continues with step 1518.

The following example is based upon the query depicted in FIG. 16. The FSA for the query is indicated by the transition table shown below, where Q0 is the starting state and Q3 is the final state.

Transition Table Source State Symbol Destination State Q0 A Q1 Q1 B Q2 Q2 B Q2 Q2 # Q3 Q1 # Q3

For purposes of this example, let the schema of the input stream

Flight_departure_takeoff_stream be

Flight_departure_takeoff_stream (ctype, flightNumber)

Ctype=0 indicates a departure announcement event

Ctype=1 indicates a flight take off event

Further, assume that the events received on the data stream are:

Event e1=(0, FL100) at t=1

Event e2=(0, FL101) at t=3

Event e3=heartbeat at t=6

Event e4=(1, FL101) at t=7

Event e5=(0, FL102) at t=13

Event e6=(1, FL100) at t=15

The following depicts that processing that happens at runtime for the events received as shown above:

Before receiving any events there are no bindings.

(1) Event e1=(0, FL100) at t=1

A new binding b1 is created where b1=(A=e1, target_time=6), state=Q1.

(2) Event e2=(0, FL101) at t=3

For binding b1, the input time (3) is less than the target time (6), so b1 becomes b1=(A=e1, B=e2, target_time=6), state=Q2.

A new binding b2 is created with b2=(A=e2, target_time=8), state=Q1.

(3) Event e3=heartbeat at t=6

For binding b1, input time=target time, hence b1 becomes b1=(A=e1,B=e2,#=e3,target_time=6) state=Q3. Since Q3 is final, the non-event corresponding to flight takeoff delayed is reported. Further, new binding b3 is created based on b1 and its target time is further incremented by 5 units. So b3=(A=e1,B=e2, target_time=11) state=Q2 For binding b2, input time<target time, so there is no further processing since input is a heartbeat. (4) Event e4=(1, FL101) at t=7 For binding b2, input time (7)<target_time (8), but the binding cannot be grown since event does not match symbol B (for this binding). Hence the binding is deleted. This corresponds to takeoff of flight within the time limit following the departure announcement, i.e., there is no delay in flight takeoff. For binding b3, input time(7)<target_time(11), so b3 becomes b3=(A=e1,B=e2,B=e4 target_time=11) state=Q2 (5) Event e5=(0, FL102) at t=13 For binding b3, input_time (13)>target_time (11). The event is first treated as a heartbeat event e5′ at t=11. Hence b3 becomes b3=(A=e1,B=e2,B=e4,#=e5′,target_time=11) state=Q3. Since the non-event corresponding to flight takeoff delayed is reported (for a second time for flight FL100) at t=11. Further, new binding b4 is created based on b3 and its target time is further incremented by 5 units. So b4=(A=e1,B=e2,B=e4 target_time=16) state=Q2. b4 is added to the end of the BINDING_LIST. Now treat as data event e5 at t=13 But there is binding b4 yet to process. For binding b4, input time (13)<target time (16), so b4 becomes b4=(A=e1,B=e2,B=e4,B=e5 target_time=16) state=Q2 A new binding b5 is created with b5=(A=e5, target_time=18), state=Q1. (6) Event e6=(1, FL100) at t=15 For binding b4, input_time (15)<target_time (16), but the binding cannot be grown since event does not match symbol B (for this binding). Hence the binding is deleted. This corresponds to takeoff of flight—thus no further monitoring for takeoff delays for this flight. For binding b5, input_time (15)<target_time (18), hence b5 becomes b5=(A=e5, B=e6, target_time=18), state=Q2.

In the manner described above, embodiments of the present invention provide language extensions (e.g., ANSI extensions) to a querying language such as CQL that enable a user to formulate queries that cause pattern matching module 110 to detect non-occurrences of a specific event for recurring time periods following the occurrence of a trigger event until a stoppage condition is met.

While the description above has described detecting the non-occurrence of an event over recurring time periods following occurrence of another event, the teachings described above may also be applied to detecting non-occurrence of an event over recurring time periods following the occurrence of a pattern of events. Further, the teachings described above may also be applied to detecting non-occurrence of a pattern of events over recurring time periods following the occurrence of a pattern of events or the occurrence of an event.

FIG. 18 is a simplified block diagram illustrating components of a system environment 1800 that may be used in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, system environment 1800 includes one or more client computing devices 1802, 1804, 1806, 1808, which are configured to operate a client application such as a web browser, proprietary client (e.g., Oracle Forms), or the like. In various embodiments, client computing devices 1802, 1804, 1806, and 1808 may interact with a server 1812.

Client computing devices 1802, 1804, 1806, 1808 may be general purpose personal computers (including, by way of example, personal computers and/or laptop computers running various versions of Microsoft Windows and/or Apple Macintosh operating systems), cell phones or PDAs (running software such as Microsoft Windows Mobile and being Internet, e-mail, SMS, Blackberry, or other communication protocol enabled), and/or workstation computers running any of a variety of commercially-available UNIX or UNIX-like operating systems (including without limitation the variety of GNU/Linux operating systems). Alternatively, client computing devices 1802, 1804, 1806, and 1808 may be any other electronic device, such as a thin-client computer, Internet-enabled gaming system, and/or personal messaging device, capable of communicating over a network (e.g., network 1810 described below). Although exemplary system environment 1800 is shown with four client computing devices, any number of client computing devices may be supported. Other devices such as devices with sensors, etc. may interact with server 1812.

System environment 1800 may include a network 1810. Network 1810 may be any type of network familiar to those skilled in the art that can support data communications using any of a variety of commercially-available protocols, including without limitation TCP/IP, SNA, IPX, AppleTalk, and the like. Merely by way of example, network 1810 can be a local area network (LAN), such as an Ethernet network, a Token-Ring network and/or the like; a wide-area network; a virtual network, including without limitation a virtual private network (VPN); the Internet; an intranet; an extranet; a public switched telephone network (PSTN); an infra-red network; a wireless network (e.g., a network operating under any of the IEEE 802.11 suite of protocols, the Bluetooth protocol known in the art, and/or any other wireless protocol); and/or any combination of these and/or other networks.

System environment 1800 also includes one or more server computers 1812 which may be general purpose computers, specialized server computers (including, by way of example, PC servers, UNIX servers, mid-range servers, mainframe computers, rack-mounted servers, etc.), server farms, server clusters, or any other appropriate arrangement and/or combination. In various embodiments, server 1812 may be adapted to run one or more services or software applications described in the foregoing disclosure. For example, server 1812 may correspond to a events processing server as depicted in FIG. 1 that include a pattern matching module as depicted in FIG. 1.

Server 1812 may run an operating system including any of those discussed above, as well as any commercially available server operating system. Server 1812 may also run any of a variety of additional server applications and/or mid-tier applications, including HTTP servers, FTP servers, CGI servers, Java servers, database servers, and the like. Exemplary database servers include without limitation those commercially available from Oracle, Microsoft, Sybase, IBM and the like.

System environment 1800 may also include one or more databases 1814, 1816. Databases 1814, 1816 may reside in a variety of locations. By way of example, one or more of databases 1814, 1816 may reside on a storage medium local to (and/or resident in) server 1812. Alternatively, databases 1814, 1816 may be remote from server 1812, and in communication with server 1812 via a network-based or dedicated connection. In one set of embodiments, databases 1814, 1816 may reside in a storage-area network (SAN) familiar to those skilled in the art. Similarly, any necessary files for performing the functions attributed to server 1812 may be stored locally on server 1812 and/or remotely, as appropriate. In one set of embodiments, databases 1814, 1816 may include relational databases, such as Oracle 10g, that are adapted to store, update, and retrieve data in response to SQL-formatted commands.

FIG. 19 is a simplified block diagram of a computer system 1900 that may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. For example server 102 may be implemented using a system such as system 1900. Computer system 1900 is shown comprising hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via a bus 1924. The hardware elements may include one or more central processing units (CPUs) 1902, one or more input devices 1904 (e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, etc.), and one or more output devices 1906 (e.g., a display device, a printer, etc.). Computer system 1900 may also include one or more storage devices 1908. By way of example, the storage device(s) 1908 may include devices such as disk drives, optical storage devices, and solid-state storage devices such as a random access memory (RAM) and/or a read-only memory (ROM), which can be programmable, flash-updateable and/or the like.

Computer system 1900 may additionally include a computer-readable storage media reader 1912, a communications subsystem 1914 (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless or wired), an infra-red communication device, etc.), and working memory 1918, which may include RAM and ROM devices as described above. In some embodiments, computer system 1900 may also include a processing acceleration unit 1916, which can include a digital signal processor (DSP), a special-purpose processor, and/or the like.

Computer-readable storage media reader 1912 can further be connected to a computer-readable storage medium 1910, together (and, optionally, in combination with storage device(s) 1908) comprehensively representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing computer-readable information. Communications system 1914 may permit data to be exchanged with network 1610 and/or any other computer described above with respect to system environment 1600.

Computer system 1900 may also comprise software elements, shown as being currently located within working memory 1918, including an operating system 1920 and/or other code 1922, such as an application program (which may be a client application, Web browser, mid-tier application, RDBMS, etc.). In an exemplary embodiment, working memory 1918 may include executable code and associated data structures (such as caches) used for pattern matching method described above. It should be appreciated that alternative embodiments of computer system 1900 may have numerous variations from that described above. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed.

Storage media and computer readable media for containing code, or portions of code, can include any appropriate media known or used in the art, including storage media and communication media, such as but not limited to volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage and/or transmission of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data, including RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, data signals, data transmissions, or any other medium which can be used to store or transmit the desired information and which can be accessed by a computer.

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described, various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, and equivalents are also encompassed within the scope of the invention. Embodiments of the present invention are not restricted to operation within certain specific data processing environments, but are free to operate within a plurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although embodiments of the present invention have been described using a particular series of transactions and steps, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the described series of transactions and steps.

Further, while embodiments of the present invention have been described using a particular combination of hardware and software, it should be recognized that other combinations of hardware and software are also within the scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented only in hardware, or only in software, or using combinations thereof.

The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope as set forth in the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing a plurality of instructions for controlling a processor to process a data stream of events being continuously received by the processor over time, the plurality of instructions comprising: instructions that cause the processor to receive a query for detecting recurrence of a non-occurrence of a first event within each of a series of multiple time periods, wherein the first time period in the series of multiple time periods starts upon occurrence of a second event, the query specifying (a) a pattern of symbols that are matched by occurrences of events in the data stream being continuously received by the processor over time, and (b) a time duration specifying a length of time for each of the time periods in the series of multiple time periods; instructions that cause the processor to generate a modified pattern based on the pattern of symbols; instructions that cause the processor to generate an automaton for the query based upon the modified pattern; and instructions that cause the processor to perform processing for detecting recurrence of non-occurrence of the first event within each time period of the series of multiple time periods following occurrence of the second event using the automaton by detecting a separate non-occurrence of the first event for each particular time period of the multiple time periods in which the first event does not occur, regardless of whether the second event re-occurs in that particular time period.
 2. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 1 wherein the plurality of instructions comprises instructions that cause the processor to stop detecting non-occurrence of the first event in the series of time periods when a stoppage condition is met.
 3. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 1 wherein the plurality of instructions further comprises: instructions that cause the processor to determine whether the query is for detecting non-occurrence of the first event; and instructions that cause the processor to generate the modified pattern upon determining that the query is for detecting non-occurrence of the first event by adding, to the pattern, a first symbol that is matched by passage of time rather than by occurrence of an event in the data stream being continuously received by the processor over time.
 4. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 1 wherein the instructions that cause the processor to perform processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event comprise: instructions that cause the processor to, for a time period in the series of time periods, associate a target time with a binding, the binding representing a degree to which one or more events received in the data stream match the pattern, wherein the target time associated with the binding is determined based upon a time associated with an event corresponding to a first element in the binding and the time duration, receive an input, and compare a time associated with the input with the target time.
 5. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 2 where the stoppage condition is occurrence of the first event.
 6. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 4 wherein the input is a heartbeat or another event received in the data stream.
 7. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 4 wherein the instructions that cause the processor to perform processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event comprise: instructions that cause the processor to, upon determining that the time associated with the input equals or exceeds the target time, cause the automaton to move to a final state.
 8. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 7 wherein the instructions that cause the processor to perform processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event comprise: instructions that cause the processor to, upon the automaton moving to the final state, output an indication of non-occurrence of the first event within a time period in the series of time periods.
 9. A system for processing a data stream of events being continuously received by the system over time, the system comprising: a memory storing a plurality of instructions; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the plurality of instructions to: receive a query for detecting recurrence of a non-occurrence of a first event within each of a series of multiple time periods, wherein the first time period in the series of multiple time periods starts upon occurrence of a second event, the query specifying (a) a pattern of symbols that are matched by occurrences of events in the data stream being continuously received by the system over time, and (b) a time duration specifying a length of time for each of the time periods in the series of multiple time periods; generate a modified pattern based on the pattern of symbols; generate an automaton for the query based upon the modified pattern; and perform processing for detecting recurrence of non-occurrence of the first event within each time period of the series of multiple time periods following occurrence, at a beginning of the series, of the second event using the automaton.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the processor is configured to: determine whether the query is for detecting non-occurrence of the first event; and generate the modified pattern upon determining that the query is for detecting non-occurrence of the first event by adding, to the pattern, a first symbol that is matched by passage of time rather than by occurrence of an event in the data stream being continuously received by the processor over time.
 11. The system of claim 9 wherein the processor is configured to: for a time period in the series of time periods: associate a target time with a binding, the binding representing a degree to which one or more events received in the data stream match the pattern, wherein the target time associated with the binding is determined based upon a time associated with an event corresponding to a first element in the binding and the time duration, receive an input, and compare a time associated with the input with the target time.
 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the input is a heartbeat or another event received in the data stream.
 13. The system of claim 11 wherein the processor is configured to, upon determining that the time associated with the input equals or exceeds the target time, cause the automaton to move to a final state.
 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the processor is configured to, upon the automaton moving to the final state, output an indication of non-occurrence of the first event within a time period in the series of time periods.
 15. A computer-implemented method for processing a data stream of events being continuously received by a processing system over time, the method comprising: receiving, by the processing system, a query for detecting recurrence of non-occurrence of a first event within each time period of a series of multiple time periods, wherein the first time period in the series of time periods starts upon occurrence of a second event, the query specifying (a) a pattern of symbols that are matched by occurrences of events in the data stream being continuously received by the processor over time, and (b) a time duration specifying a length of time for each of the time periods in the series of time periods; generating, by the processing system, a modified pattern by adding, to the pattern, a first symbol that is matched by passage of time rather than by occurrence of an event in the data stream being continuously received by the processor over time; generating, by at least one central processing unit of the processing system, an automaton for the query based upon the modified pattern; and performing processing, by the processing system, for separately detecting non-occurrence of the first event within each particular time period of the series of multiple time periods following occurrence of the second event using the automaton.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein performing processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event comprises: for a time period in the series of time periods: associating, by the processing system, a target time with a binding, the binding representing a degree to which one or more events received in the data stream match the pattern, wherein the target time associated with the binding is determined based upon a time associated with an event corresponding to a first element in the binding and the time duration, receiving, by the processing system, an input, and comparing, by the processing system, a time associated with the input with the target time.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the input is a heartbeat or another event received in the data stream.
 18. The method of claim 16 wherein performing processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event further comprises, upon determining that the time associated with the input equals or exceeds the target time, causing the automaton to move to a final state.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein performing processing for detecting non-occurrence of the first event further comprises, upon the automaton moving to the final state, outputting an indication of non-occurrence of the first event within a time period in the series of time periods. 